Ontology of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA)
type: Ontology
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
version info: TODO: simplify {Interrogative,Indefinite,...}/{Cardinal,Multiplicative,...}Quantifier dichothomies In subsequent versions, however, orthographical definitions should be handled with existing ontologies specializing on the description on language, e.g., lexvo check gerundive vs. gerund update GOLD linking
creator: 0000-0002-4428-029X
contributor: chiarcos
contributor: Angelika Adam
contributor: Maria Sukhareva
contributor: cfaeth
contributor: kurzum
contributor: v-dimitrova
contributor: A027f3RC7ag8
contributor: max-ionov
label: OLiA
publisher: olia
imports: olia-top.owl
imports: system.owl
comment: OLiA Reference Model for Morphology, Morphosyntax and Syntax (originally based on the EAGLES recommendations, with modifications in accordance to DCR (ISOcat, June 2013), TDS ontology, GOLD v.03, the SFB 632 annotation guidelines, the MULTEXT-East ontology and various annotation schemes)
version info: 2005-10-xx created by Christian Chiarcos 2006-2008 maintained by Christian Chiarcos and Angelika Adam 2008-05-23 OLiA-InfoStruct (experimental) created, for information structure and coreference only 2008-2013 maintained by Christian Chiarcos 2010-01-08 updated by Christian Chiarcos 2010-01-25 added SyntacticUnit categorization (from GOLD [http:// www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008] and EAGLES recommendations [http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html# SECTION00052000000000000000]) 2010-01-28 removed all owl:disjointWith and owl:complementOf, these are language-specific and have to be represented in a separate language model. 2010-02-17 extended SyntacticUnit categorization in accordance with the TDS ontologies (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/ LinguisticOntology.owl) Christian 2010-02-18 adopted TIGER edge labels as syntactic role and semantic role 2010-03-11 manual restructuring of OWL file begun 2010-03-23 morphosyntactic classes revised 2010-03-24 AspectFeature extended in accordance with TDS aspectProperty and GOLD AspectValue; Habitual remodelled as Aspect 2010-03-24 CaseFeature extended by TDS grammaticalCase, GOLD CaseValue and DCR case features 2010-03-24 DefinitenessFeature checked against TDS definitenessProperty and DCR (missing in GOLD) 2010-03-24 DegreeFeature checked against DCR (missing in GOLD and TDS) 2010-03-24 GenderFeature checked against TDS case and GOLD GenderValue (DCR not yet) 2010-03-24 MoodFeature extended in accordance with TDS modalityProperty and GOLD MoodValue 2010-03-24 PersonFeature checked and extended against GOLD and TDS 2010-03-24 SemanticRole extended in accordance with TDS semanticRoleProperty (missing in GOLD, merged with grammatical case there) 2010-03-24 TenseFeature extended in accordance with TDS tenseProperty and GOLD TenseValue (DCR not yet) 2010-03-25 SyntacticRole checked and extended against GOLD syntacticRole (properties) and DCR syntacticCategory, modifyingRelation 2010-03-25 VoiceFeature exten…

residual
type: Class
version info: EAGLES top-level category Residual (R) with the exception of its subclass "Unclassified". Unclassified is not represented in the OLiA ontology, as it does not represent information, but the absence of information.
comment: From a linguistic point of view, Residuals are a heterogeneous class and so, Residual may overlap with every linguistically motivate annotation concept. Also between subconcepts, overlap may occur (e.g. \LaTeX which is a symbol which can be read as an Acronym or acronyms which are related to Abbreviations, e.g. GNU "Gnu is not Unix")
comment: The residual value (R) is assigned to classes of text words which lie outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. For example: foreign words, or mathematical formulae. It can be argued that these are on the fringes of the grammar or lexicon of the language in which the text is written. Nevertheless, they need to be tagged. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06) Although words in the Residual category are on the periphery of the lexicon, they may take some of the grammatical characteristics, e.g., of nouns. Acronyms such as IBM are similar to proper nouns; symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. It is quite reasonable that in some tagging schemes some of these classes of word will be classified under other parts of speech. (The Unclassified category applies to word-like text segments which do not easily fit into any of the foregoing values. For example: incomplete words and pause fillers such as er and erm in transcriptions of speech, or written representations of singing such as dum-de-dum. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr 19.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory

GeneralizationWord
type: Class
comment: A word that does not carry its own meaning but generalizes the meaning of a neighboring word, adding the "etc." sense.
subclass of: residual

onomatopoetic word
type: Class
version info: Bambara Reference Corpus "Onomatopée", http://cormand.huma-num.fr
comment: no definition given
label: onomatopée @fr
subclass of: residual

contraction
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-354
comment: A lexical unit formed by a shortening of a word, syllable, or word group by omission of a sound or letter. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-354)
subclass of: abbreviation

abbreviation
type: Class
subclass of: residual
version info: EAGLES Category Abbreviations with Type="Abbreviation".
comment: Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly speaking a shorter form of a word, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr." or "abbrev." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06)
label: abreviation @fr

adposition
type: Class
version info: EAGLES top-level category Adposition (AP).
comment: An adposition is a cover term for prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. It expresses a grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition 19.09.06) The majority of cases of adpositions we have to consider in European languages are prepositions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#SECTION00062200000000000000 19.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory

noun
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category "Noun".
comment: A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of a preposition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
label: nom @fr

verb
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category "Verb" (V)
comment: A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand"). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06)
label: verbe @fr

pronoun or determiner
type: Class
label: pronom / determinatif @fr
version info: EAGLES top-level category PronounOrDeterminer (PD). The existence of this class is, however, controversial. In EAGLES, it has been introduced for reasons of lexical ambiguity in European languages thus it could be described by the joint of Pronoun and Determiner rather than as an independent class. Indeed, at least one fundamental difference is blurred here: Determiners are purely modifiers whereas pronouns contribute independent meaning. This could be adopted here as a criterion for higher-level organization of the OLiA Reference Model. The original EAGLES definition is not very specific about the difference between Pronouns and Determiners. Here, we assume two definitions: * semantic definition of pronouns: Pronouns are bound variables. They are referential. * syntactic definition of determiners: Determiners turn nominal expressions (of type <e,t>) into noun phrases (of type <e>). Note that these definitions are not exclusive (which is why annotation schemes differ in this aspect). Attributive possessive pronouns ('my book', 'their article') are semantically pronouns (they have an independent reference), but syntactically determiners. For the sub-classes, no exclusivity is required as Olia allows a hybrid ("both") category by multiple inheritance.
comment: The parts of speech Pronoun, Determiner and Article heavily overlap in their formal and functional characteristics, and different analyses for different languages entail separating them out in different ways. In Eagles, Pronouns and Determiners are placed in one `super-category'. For some descriptions it may be thought best to treat them as totally different parts of speech. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory

punctuation
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category Punctuation (PU). For subconcepts, Wilson and Leech (1996) propose two alternative classifications: Here, we implement the more interesting, i.e. position (the alternative is just enumeration of possible signs)
comment: Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)

quantifier
type: Class
version info: A category "Quantifier" is missing in EAGLES, but seems to be conflated with IndefiniteDeterminer. Added as top-level concept in accordance with the SFB632 annotation guidelines. Against the original (and meanwhile corrected) modelling in GOLD, Quantifier is not a subconcept of Determiner.
comment: A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory

adjective
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category Adjective (AJ).
comment: An Adjective is a noun-modifying expression that specifies the properties or attributes of the nominal referent. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm 18.9.06)
version info: the subclassification of Adjective currently conflates syntactic (PredicativeAdjective), morphological (DeverbalAdjective) and semantic (QualifierAdjective, RelativeAdjective) criteria. to be resolved
label: adjectif @fr

adverb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES top-level category Adverb (AV). Skipped subconcepts ParticleAdverb and GeneralAdverb: ParticleAdverb is better described by the join of particles or adverbs rather than positing an independent category; GeneralAdverb is merely the complement of DegreeAdverb.
comment: An adverb is a part of speech that serves to modify non-nominal parts of speech, i.e., verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs. Modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbs 18.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
label: adverbe @fr
version info: DCR general adverb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1435) ignored
version info: TODO: currently, different criteria are employed to characterize Adverbs, including lexical criteria (e.g., AdjectivalAdverb) and semantic criteria (e.g., CausalAdverb). The subclassification according to semantic criteria is to be expressed with hasSemanticRole, the classes are thus deprecated.

ParticleAdverb
type: Class
deprecated: true
comment: Word that is both an adverb and a particle.
version info: merely a shorthand for the intersection of Adverb and Particle, hence deprecated
subclass of: Adverb
subclass of: Particle
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: adverb
  intersection of: particle

particle
type: Class
version info: synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions, applies to every category that *contains* the expression "Particle" in its name
comment: synonym of Unique, to be avoided because of its divergent definitions (Chiarcos)
subclass of: unique

PrepositionalAdverb
type: Class
comment: adverb which is very similar in its form to a preposition
subclass of: Adverb
subclass of: Preposition

interjection
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category Interjection (I).
comment: An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language, e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06)

unique
type: Class
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
version info: EAGLES top-level category Unique (U). "The unique value (U) is applied to categories with a unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are ‘unassigned’ to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. The value unique cannot always be strictly applied, since (for example) Greek has three negative particles ... No subcategories are recommended, although it is expected that tagsets for individual languages will need to identify such one-member word-classes as Negative particle, Existential particle, Infinitive marker, etc" (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html) According to the EAGLES definition and examples, this seems to be closely related to "particle". Particles are uninflected function words, in a broader sense, everything which is not inflected is a particle, i.e. including interjections, in GOLD, uninflected items such as adpositions, conjunctions and interjections are excluded: "A particle is a partOfSpeech whose members do not belong to one of the main classes of words, is invariable, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning." The EAGLES definition emphasizes the invariability of particles.
comment: Unique approximates the linguistic concept "Particle". It covers categories with unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned' to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06) Unique elements are uninflected (hence the name) and can be used to mark uninflectable function words in OLiA, even if they are not conventionally referred to as "particles" (e.g., the common [non-inflected] relative pronoun in opposition to the specific [inflectable] relative pronoun in Arabic). OLiA particles are a sub-class of Unique.

conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES top-level concept Conjunction (C).
comment: A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: MorphosyntacticCategory
label: conjonction @fr
subclass of: expansion
subclass of: coordination
comment: The situation described in Arg2 provides additional, discourse new, information that is related to the situation described in Arg1. Typical connectives for “Conjunction” are also, in addition, additionally, further, etc. (Prasad et al. 2007) The items are conjoined to form a unit in which each item plays a comparable role. (Mann and Taboada 2010) We follow Bunt and Prasad (ISA-12) in assuming that (ISO) conjunction is a superclass of (PDTB) list. HOWEVER, in terms of the PDTB v2.0 definitions, both are more likely to be taken as sibling concepts.

typo
type: Class
comment: a mis-typed word
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Typo
subclass of: residual

Date
type: Class
version info: adopted from Sajjad (2007, for Urdu, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Date)
comment: Date is a stretch of text that specifies a specific point in time and that is not further linguistically analysed. (Chiarcos)
subclass of: Residual

initialism
type: Class
subclass of: abbreviation
version info: adopted from ubyPos.owl

clipped term
type: Class
subclass of: abbreviation
comment: An abbreviation formed by truncating a part of a simple term. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-335)
version info: from lexinfo

CollectivePronoun
type: Class
comment: A pronoun that refers to all elements of a set.
subclass of: Pronoun

PresentativePronoun
type: Class
comment: pronoun that identify the current locative or temporal situation
subclass of: pronoun
version info: Should be redefined in terms of deixis

abbreviated pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pronoun
subclass of: abbreviation
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal
comment: Abbreviation/Syntactic_Type="pronominal" (Romanian), e.g., d-ta/dumneata, d-tale/dumitale, d-voastră/dumneavoastră, dv./dumneavoastră, dvs./dumneavoastră (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Pronominal)

foreign
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Category Residuals with Type="ForeignWord".
comment: A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
subclass of: residual
label: foreign word
label: mot etranger @fr

symbol
type: Class
subclass of: residual
version info: EAGLES Category Residual with Type="Symbol".
comment: In morphosyntactic annotation schemes, a symbol is a single graphical sign that occurs in a written text with a conventionalized meaning but that does not represent a phoneme (like ordinary characters), an orthogaphic sign (punctuation), or a number. (Christian Chiarcos) Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)

formula
type: Class
version info: EAGLES category Residual with the attribute Type="Formula".
comment: A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
subclass of: residual

acronym
type: Class
subclass of: residual
version info: EAGLES category Residual with Type="Acronym".
comment: An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06)

layout element
type: Class
version info: Introduced to account for Bullet http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
subclass of: residual

bullet
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438
comment: Sign used to mark an item in a list. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1438)
subclass of: layout element
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

list marker
type: Class
subclass of: layout element
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995)
comment: LST — List marker. (Bies et al. 1995)

image
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249
comment: graphical representation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2249)
subclass of: layout element

postposition
type: Class
version info: EAGLES adposition with the optional attribute Type="Preposition".
comment: A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: adposition

preposition
type: Class
version info: EAGLES adposition with Type="Preposition".
comment: A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: adposition
label: préposition @fr

FusedPronounAuxiliary
type: Class
comment: word resulting from the aggregation of a pronoun and an auxiliary
subclass of: Pronoun
subclass of: AuxiliaryVerb

fused preposition
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901
comment: Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1901)
subclass of: preposition
version info: subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)

FusedPrepositionPronoun
type: Class
comment: word resulting from the aggregation of a preposition and a pronoun
subclass of: preposition
subclass of: pronoun

simple preposition
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900
comment: Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1900)
subclass of: preposition
version info: subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)

compound preposition
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934
comment: Preposition that is a aggregation of words (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1934)
subclass of: preposition
version info: subClassOf preposition (dcif:isA)

circumposition
type: Class
subclass of: adposition
version info: EAGLES adposition with optional attribute Type="Circumposition". The relationship between circumpositions and pre-/postpositions in EAGLES is not clear. We do not prohibit Circumpositions from being Prepositions or Postpositions, though the EAGLES feature assignment (with all optional values implemented) would possibly rule this out. (Chiarcos)
comment: A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less common than prepositions or postpositions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)

mass noun
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has countability
    some values from: uncountable
  intersection of: noun
version info: EAGLES Noun with Countability="Mass".
comment: A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)

given name
type: Class
version info: introduced as generalization over http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl#nounProperFirstName
comment: In most European cultures, a given name designates an individual person throughout her/his life span. To distinguish people with the same name but from different families, additional elements have been introduced into name formulas that identify a person's family or ancestry. (CC)
subclass of: proper noun

proper noun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Noun with Type="Proper".
comment: Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
subclass of: noun
label: nom propre @fr
label: proper name

family name
type: Class
version info: introduced as generalization over http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl#nounProperSecondName
comment: In most European cultures, family names have been introduced into name formulas to identify a person's family, so that individuals with the same given name can be distinguished. (CC)
subclass of: proper noun

common noun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Noun with Type="Common".
comment: A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: noun

HonorificCommonNoun
type: Class
subclass of: CommonNoun
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)
comment: Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ན་བཟའ་/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun གོ་ ལ་/gola/(cloths), གསངས་/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb སབ་/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. བངམ་/jun/(created), the past particle form of བང་/jung/(create). (Chungku et al. 2010) A noun, which indicates respect for the person being addressed, e.g., Miwang Gel-poi Yab “A king's father” [Though father=Apa, but colloquially we say YAB in Dzongkha] (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)

TitleNoun
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with Sajjad (2007, for Urdu, http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Title)
comment: A title designates the function or the social status of an individual. Often, it accompanies a proper noun, but it can also be used in place of a proper noun (if the bearer of the title is contextually unambiguous). E.g. "The/Det German/Adj Chancellor/Title Angela/Name Merkel/Name said ..." can be used besides "the German Chancellor said ...". Accordingly, some schemes (e.g., Chungku et al. 2010, for Dzongkha) group titles together with proper names (http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#ParticularPersonNoun). However, if multiple people hold the same title, they can be referred to as a group, e.g., "Since WWII, the politics of the German chancellors always followed ...", and in this usage, titles are more comparable to common nouns. Functionally, titles are thus an intermediate category between CommonNoun and ProperNoun (cf. also Mulkern 1996). Titles do, however, share important characteristics with common nouns. In English, for example, titles generally require a definite determiner (unlike proper nouns), even if unambiguous ("the pope"). They are thus classified here as a subtype of CommonNoun. (Ann E. Mulkern. The name of the game. In Jeanette Gundel and Thorstein Fretheim, editors. Reference and Referent Accessibility: Pragmatics and Beyond. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1996, pages 235–250.)
subclass of: CommonNoun

UnitNoun
type: Class
version info: adopted from Sajjad (2007), http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#MeasuringUnit, TOCHECK: are units in Urdu Nouns ?
comment: Measuring units are frequently used with numerals. However, they have a different syntactic structure than numerals (Sajjad 2007). In European languages, Units are generally expressed as nouns, e.g., English "ten/Numeral kilogram/Unit". "Kilogram" can also be used as a common noun: "The kilogram is losing weight" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12276822) Hassan Sajjad (2007), Urdu Part of Speech Tagset, version 1.0.0.0, 07-12-2007, Center for research in Urdu Language Processing. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, http://www.crulp.org/Downloads/langproc/UrduPOStagger/UrduPOStagset.pdf
subclass of: common noun

spatio-temporal noun
type: Class
version info: adopted from Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#SpatiotemporalNoun
subclass of: CommonNoun
label: location noun
comment: NLOC Noun Location This is an entirely new tag introduced to cover an important phenomenon of Indian Languages. Words like 'Age', 'upara', 'pahele', 'bAda', etc. are used in various ways in Hindi. 1. They act as a postposition along with 'ke' e.g. ghade ke upara thAlI rakhI HE. ("pot" "on" "plate" "kept" "is") Here 'ke upara' is a post position which is the direct equivalent of the English preposition 'on'. 2. They also act as adverbs. e.g. tuma upara jAo. ("You" "up" "go") Here 'upara' is an adverbial of place. 3. These words also take post positions themselves and so in some sense behave like nouns. e.g. vaHa upara se AyA. ("He" "above" "from" "came") 4. As pointed out in 3. above, these words take postpositions and act as arguments of the verb in the sentence. And they also take a post position to join with a another noun. So in that sense also they behave like nouns. e.g. upara kA HissA ("above" "of" "portion") To tag such words one option is to tag them according to the category to which they belong in the given sentence. For example in 1. above, the word is occurring as a postposition so can be marked as a postposition. In example 2. above, it is an adverb so can be marked as an adverb and so on. But we feel that these words are more like nouns as is evident from 3. and 4. above, and also if we consider for examples, 'aage', 'upara', etc. as places which are in front, up, etc then we can tag them as nouns. But these are not pure nouns. They are nouns which indicate a location or time. These also function as adverbs or prepositions in a context. So a new tag NLOC is introduced for such words. This tag will cater to a finite set of such words. set: (Age, piche, upara, nIce, bAda, pahele) ("front", "behind", "above", "below", "before") Such words if tagged according to their syntactic function, it will hamper machine learning. So a single tag, NLOC has been devised for such words which indicate location and time. e.g., (upara, Age, pahele, bAda) (IIIT (2007), A P…
comment: Noun denoting spatial and temporal expressions "A tag NST has been included to cover an important phenomenon of Indian languages. Certain expressions such as 'Upara' (above/up), 'nIce' (below) 'pahale' (before), 'Age' (front) etc are content words denoting time and space. These expressions, however, are used in various ways. For example, 5.1.2.1 These words often occur as temporal or spatial arguments of a verb in a given sentence taking the appropriate vibhakti (case marker): h3. vaha Upara so rahA thA . 'he' 'upstairs' 'sleep' 'PROG' 'was' “He was sleepign upstairs”. h4. vaha pahale se kamare meM bEThA thA . 'he' 'beforehand' 'from' ' room' 'in' 'sitting' 'was' “He was sitting in the room from beforehand” h5. tuma bAhara bETho 'you' 'outside' 'sit' “You sit outside”. Apart from functioning like an argument of a verb, these elements also modify another noun taking postposition 'kA'. h6. usakA baDZA bhAI Upara ke hisse meM rahatA hE 'his' 'elder' 'brother' 'upstairs' 'of' 'portion' 'in' 'live' 'PRES' “His elder brother lives in the upper portion of the house”. 5.1.2.2 Apart from occuring as a nominal expression, they also occur as a part of a postposition along with 'ke'. For example, h7. ghaDZe ke Upara thAlI rakhI hE. 'pot' 'of' 'above' 'plate' 'kept' 'is' The plate is kept on the pot”. h8. tuma ghara ke bAhara bETho 'you' 'home' 'of' 'outside' 'sit' “You sit outside the house”. 'Upara' and 'bAhara' are parts of complex postpositions 'ke Upara' and 'ke bAhara' in (h6) and (h7) respectively which can be translated into English prepositions 'on' and 'outside'. For tagging such words, one possible option is to tag them according to their syntactic function in the given context. For example in 5.2.2 (h7) above, the word 'Upara' is occurring as part of a postposition or a relation marker. It can, therefore, be marked as a postposition. Similarly, in 5.2.1. (h3) and (h6) above, it is a noun, therefore, mark it as a noun and so on. Alternatively, since these words are mo…
label: spatiotemporal noun

countable noun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Noun with Countability="Countable".
comment: A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has countability
    some values from: countable

relation noun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226
comment: relation noun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2226)
subclass of: common noun
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

diminutive noun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225
comment: diminutive noun (MIRACL LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2225)
subclass of: noun
version info: subClassOf noun (dcif:isA); can be proper name (German Julchen from Julia, Russian Olichka from Olga) or common noun (German Blümchen from Blume "flower", Russian yozhik from yozh "hedgehock")

voice noun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253
comment: noun of a voice (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2253)
subclass of: noun
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

main verb
type: Class
label: plain verb
version info: to be renamed to LexicalVerb ("main verb" can also mean "head of a finite clause")
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400 (main verb)
comment: Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1400) verb which has its own semantics (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3004, plainVerb)
subclass of: verb
version info: subClassOf verb (dcif:isA)

DeficientVerb
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: This is an ill-defined concept originating from ISOcat. It is however, not possible to circumscribe it in OLiA as it lacks an established concept of deficiency. Despite the unsatisfactory definition, this was thus adopted in OLiA for compatibility with ISOcat, but marked as deprecated.
comment: verb lacking certain morphosyntactic properties
subclass of: Verb

qualitative verb
type: Class
comment: no definition given
version info: adopted from the Bambara Reference Corpus (BRC, http://cormand.huma-num.fr/gloses.html)
subclass of: MainVerb
label: verbe qualitatif @fr

AgentiveVerb
type: Class
comment: An agentive verb marks the semantic role of agent or the doer of an action. Example: ་ ་ ས་ ་ ་ བསད་ ག། Dorji-gi jele sänu 'Dorji killed the cat' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)
subclass of: MainVerb

HonorificVerb
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#HonorificVerb)
comment: Dzongkha uses honorific forms: ན་བཟའ་/nam za/ (cloths) is the honorific form of the noun གོ་ ལ་/gola/(cloths), གསངས་/sung/(tell) the honorific form of the verb སབ་/lab/(tell). We opted to mark them by adding the tag NNH (honorific common noun) and VBH (honorific verb) to enable future research on this specific usage of Dzongkha language. A number of tags were added to the set, of which we describe four in more detail: two of the additional tags are subclasses of verbs: VBH (honorific verb form), and VBN which describes past participle forms, like, e.g. བངམ་/jun/(created), the past particle form of བང་/jung/(create).
subclass of: MainVerb

AspirationalVerb
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#AspirationalVerb)
subclass of: MainVerb
comment: It is a verb, which indicates a strong desire to achieve something, without the doer. དག་པ ་ ང་ ་ ་བར་ ག། dag-pai zhing-lu kewa shÔ 'May i be born in pure land' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)

NonAgentiveVerb
type: Class
comment: A non-agentive verb is a type of verb, which indicates an action without the doer. Example: ང་མ་ འ ར་ ས། 'lungma phur-dä 'A wind is blowing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NonAgentiveVerb
subclass of: MainVerb

Impersonal
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has semantic valency
  some values from: atransitive
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306
comment: An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms - has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImpersonalVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
comment: (of a verb) having no logical subject. Usually in English the pronoun it is used in such cases as a grammatical subject, as for example in It is raining. (of a pronoun) not denoting a person (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=impersonal; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1306)
subclass of: main verb
label: impersonal verb

non finite verb
type: Class
subclass of: verb
version info: EAGLES Verb with Finiteness="Non-finite".
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332
comment: Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts. (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332) A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)

infinitive
type: Class
subclass of: non finite verb
version info: EAGLES NonFiniteVerbs with VerbForm="Infinitive"
comment: An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories such as the following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm 19.09.06)

verbal noun
type: Class
subclass of: common noun
subclass of: non finite verb
version info: Missing in EAGLES, added as subclass of Verb and Noun in accordance with the SFB632 annotation guidelines: VN verbal noun (§4.3.12.2): Some of the Chadic languages have morphologically opaque verbal noun stems in the progresive aspect, i.e. it is not obvious from the morphology that we deal with a deverbal noun, instead of a verb proper. In such cases, use the tag VN.
comment: A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions. This term is applied especially to gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives and supines. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06)

masdar
type: Class
comment: property that expresses a verbal idea under an abstract form. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2224) the verbal noun present in Arabic and various Caucasian languages, such as Georgian and North-Caucasian languages. This grammatical term is an Arabic word, used later as a specialized, technical term to name the verbal noun in Arabic and Caucasian grammar. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar)
subclass of: verbal noun

converb
type: Class
subclass of: non finite verb
version info: Introduced to account for Converbs in Armenian and other languages, a generalization over деепричастие
version info: TODO: clarify terminological relation between Converb, Supine and AdverbialParticiple
comment: A converb is "[...] a nonfinite verb form whose main function is to mark adverbial subordination. Another way of putting it is that converbs are verbal adverbs, just like participles are verbal adjectives." Haspelmath, M., & König, E. (1995). Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective, p. 3

supine
type: Class
subclass of: converb
version info: EAGLES NonFiniteVerb with VerbForm="Supine".
comment: Supine is a nonfinite form of motion verbs with functions similar to that of an infinitive (Angelika Adams)

participle
type: Class
subclass of: non finite verb
version info: EAGLES NonFinite with VerbForm="Participle".
comment: A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06) Non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive that is used in many languages possibly in conjunction with an auxiliary and that functions attributively, predicatively or adverbially. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1341)
label: participe @fr

conditional participle
type: Class
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages
comment: e.g. Bengali বুঝলে (bujhle) from বোঝা (bojha) "to understand" (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE)
comment: [In Bengali, t]he Conditional Participle is widely used to convey "if a certain action [pertaining to the parent verb] is done,...". The logic is: "in the case or condition of a certain action being done". Being impersonal, without regard for the doer of the action that caused the condition, it is not declined to suit number or gender. If this doer is not defined in the Bengali condition clause but needs to be stated in a natural-sounding English translation, this is identified and drawn from the second clause. For example:- Student: Teaching Truth in Bengali If you pay attention,* you will learn. manoyog kar-*le* tumi shikh-be. * [or, If attention is paid] (http://www.jaspell.co.uk/bengalicourse2007/wb149study49.pdf)
version info: TODO: check whether this could be modelled as Participle and hasMood some ConditionalMood
subclass of: Participle

present participle
type: Class
version info: introduced as a shorthand for Participle and hasTense some Present
subclass of: Participle
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: participle
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has tense
    some values from: present

past participle
type: Class
version info: introduced as a shorthand for Participle and hasTense some Past
subclass of: Participle
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: participle
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has tense
    some values from: past

gerund
type: Class
subclass of: non finite verb
version info: EAGLES NonFiniteVerb with VerbForm="Gerund"; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243 (gerundive)
comment: property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243) A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06) The term _gerund_ is ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in descriptions of some other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial participle. The two meanings have nothing in common, except that the English _ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09) Here, it is assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the IIIT tagset (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb)
version info: cf. ILPOSTS NominalParticiple, for Indian languages, there in contrast with AdjectivalParticiple, AdverbialParticiple and ConditionalParticiple, but no definition provided. (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NominalParticiple)

ing
type: Class
subclass of: participle
subclass of: gerund
version info: Introduced in accordance with EAGLES, where 'Ing' is suggested as a cover term for the Gerund-Participle-Merger in English. This is, however, a language-specific phenomenon and should instead be represented by multiple inheritance from OLiA Reference Model concepts.
comment: English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or Participles.

light verb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#LightVerb, for Farsi
comment: In linguistics, a light verb is a verb participating in complex predication that has little semantic content of its own, but provides through inflection some details on the event semantics, such as aspect, mood, or tense. The semantics of the compound, as well as its argument structure, are determined by the head or primary component of the compound, which may be a verb or noun (V+V or V+N compounds). Other names for "light verb" include: vector verb or explicator verb, emphasising its role within the compound; or thin verb or semantically weak verb, emphasising (as with "light") its lack of semantics. A "semantically weak" verb is not to be confused with a "weak verb" as in the Germanic weak inflection. Light verbs are similar to auxiliary verbs in some ways. Most English light verbs occur in V+N forms sometimes called "stretched verbs": for example, take in take a nap, where the primary sense is provided by "nap", and "take" is the light verb. The light verbs most common in these constructions are also common in phrasal verbs. A verb which is "light" in one context may be "heavy" in another: as with "take" in I will take a book to read. Examples in other languages include the Yiddish geb in geb a helf (literally give a help, "help"); the French faire in faire semblant (lit. make seeming, "pretend"); the Hindi nikal paRA (lit. leave fall, "start to leave"); and the bǎ construction in Chinese.[1] Some verbs are found in many such expressions; to reuse an earlier example, take is found in take a nap, take a shower, take a sip, take a bow, take turns, and so on. Light verbs are extremely common in Indo-Iranian languages, Japanese, and other languages in which verb compounding is a primary mechanism for marking aspectual distinctions. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb)
subclass of: verb

auxiliary verb
type: Class
alternative label: auxiliary
label: auxiliaire @fr
subclass of: verb
version info: EAGLES Verbs with Status="Auxiliary", http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244
comment: An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and voice. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06) Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme. Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)

modal verb
type: Class
version info: Added for compatibility with the SFB632 annotation guidelines. May correspond to the (optional, French-only) EAGLES feature value "semiauxiliary". http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329
version info: TODO: rename to semiauxiliary, this seems to be a more language-independent term
comment: Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or intention. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329) A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of Germanic languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06) In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06) The auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do', which can also function as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can', `will', and `would', which are uninflected, and always function as auxiliaries. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000)
subclass of: auxiliary verb

strict auxiliary verb
type: Class
version info: Definition in accordance with the SFB632 definition of "auxiliary verb" as non-copular and non-modal verb. In EAGLES, auxiliary verb also seems to be non-modal: In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06)
comment: Non-modal, non-copular auxiliary verb.
subclass of: auxiliary verb

have
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299
comment: The verb have as an auxiliary. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1299)
subclass of: strict auxiliary verb
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: have auxiliary

be
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246
comment: Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing phrase in certain languages. This verb could be used also to form the passive voice. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=be -> 4); http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1246)
subclass of: strict auxiliary verb
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: be auxiliary

AspectMarkingAuxiliary
type: Class
version info: adopted from Sajjad (2007) for Urdu, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#AspectualAuxiliary
comment: An auxiliary that marks exclusively aspect, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase (Sajjad 2007). E.g., Urdu rahā, an auxiliary element is used to mark the durative aspect. (Hardie 2004, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RahaAuxiliary)
subclass of: StrictAuxiliaryVerb

TenseMarkingAuxiliary
type: Class
version info: adopted from Sajjad (2007) for Urdu, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#TenseAuxiliary
comment: An auxiliary that marks exclusively tense, e.g., in Urdu: Auxiliaries: Based on the syntactic nature of Urdu, auxiliaries are divided into two categories. Aspectual auxiliaries always occur after main verb of the sentence. Tense auxiliaries are used to show the time of the action. They occurred at the end of the verb phrase. (Sajjad 2007). In Urdu, the auxiliary gā indicates future tense when it follows a verb in the subjunctive form. (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GaAuxiliary)
subclass of: StrictAuxiliaryVerb

copula
type: Class
subclass of: auxiliary verb
version info: Adopted from the SFB632 annotation guidelines. In EAGLES, copulas are not distinguished from auxiliaries, hence represented as such here.
comment: A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other constituent which expresses the predicate. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06)
label: copule @fr

finite verb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Verb with Finiteness="Finite".
comment: A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully inflected according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06) Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1287)
subclass of: verb

subjunctive verb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES finite verbs with VerbForm="Subjunctive".
version info: TODO: remodelling by properties
comment: A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood 19.09.06)
subclass of: finite verb

conditional verb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES finite verb with VerbForm="Conditional".
version info: TODO: reimplement with properties
comment: A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. Such forms often occur in conditional sentences. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06)
subclass of: finite verb

imperative verb
type: Class
subclass of: finite verb
version info: EAGLES FiniteVerb with VerbForm="Imperative"
comment: An imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and prohibitions. Often, direct use of the imperative mood may appear blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06)

quotative verb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Quotative, MTE VForm="quotative" (Estonian)
subclass of: MoodFeature
comment: A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ‘Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.’ Ta olevat oma paadiga ümber läinud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)

MoodFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has mood
  has self: true
version info: Mood feature pertains to grammaticalized moods (as expressed in verbal inflection), Modality refers to the underlying concept that can also be manifested by other grammatical or orthographic markers. Every Mood concept however, entails the corresponding Modality, hence modelled as subsmption between these.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has mood
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

indicative verb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES FiniteVerb with VerbForm="Indicative"
comment: Indicative mood is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06)
subclass of: finite verb

determiner
type: Class
version info: introduced AttributivePronoun as subclass of Determiner (Article is no AttributivePronoun)
version info: EAGLES PronounOrDeterminer with category="Determiner"
version info: Note that "Determiner" in OLiA also covers determiner-like elements in languages without grammaticalized determiner category. This is because AttributePronoun is defined as being in the intersection of Determiner and Pronoun. In languages without grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns are, howevetr, not characterized as determiners, but rather as adjectives. In order to provide a uniform modeling of attributive pronouns, they are defined here as being the intersection of Determiner and Pronoun. (Chiarcos)
comment: A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
subclass of: pronoun or determiner
label: determinatif @fr

attributive pronoun
type: Class
comment: An attributive pronoun is a pronoun that modifies an NP.
version info: In languages with grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns are determiners. In languages without grammaticalized determiners, attributive pronouns are described as adjectives. In order to provide a uniform modeling of attributive pronouns, they are defined here as being the intersection of Determiner and Pronoun. Note that this entails that the definition of "Determiner" is broadened to include determiner-like elements in languages without grammatical determiners. (Chiarcos)
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: determiner
  intersection of: pronoun
subclass of: determiner
subclass of: pronoun

pronoun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES PronounOrDeterminer with Category="Pronoun".
comment: A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A language may have several classes of pronouns. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06) A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369)
subclass of: pronoun or determiner

emphatic determiner
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer
subclass of: determiner
comment: Determiner/Type="emphatic" (Romanian) In Romanian, there are specific forms for the so-called emphatic determiner, which may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata însăşi (the girl herself), also ea însăşi (she herself). e.g., însele/însumi, însemi/însumi, însene/însumi, însevă/însumi, înseşi/însumi, înseţi/însumi, însumi, însuşi/însumi, însuţi/însumi (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer)
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated: merely shorthand for Determiner and hasEmphasis some Emphatic
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: determiner
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has emphasis
    some values from: Emphatic

demonstrative determiner
type: Class
subclass of: attributive pronoun
version info: EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Demonstrative".
comment: Demonstratives are deictic expressions (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and propositions mentioned in speech. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06)

indefinite determiner
type: Class
subclass of: determiner
version info: EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Indefinite"
comment: An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e. "some", "any", "many". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06) Note that here, a separate top-level class Quantifier has been introduced that covers expressions of number and amount as *semantic* concepts. Plural indefinite determiners are thus to be modeled as IndefiniteDeteriner and Quantifier.

negative determiner
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer
subclass of: indefinite determiner
comment: Determiner/Type="negative" (Romanian) In Romanian the negative determiner is expressed by the unit nici + indefinite article (e.g. nici un, nici o). (MTE v4) e.g., nici-o/nici_un, nici_o/nici_un, nici_un, nici_unei/nici_un, nici_unii/nici_un, nici_unor/nici_un, nici_unui/nici_un (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeDeterminer)

possessive determiner
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Possessive".
comment: A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or something. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
subclass of: attributive pronoun
subclass of: possessive pronoun

ReflexivePossessiveDeterminer
type: Class
version info: shorthand for ReflexiveDeterminer and PossessiveDeterminer, relevant for MULTEXT-East (Slavic) and EMILLE (Urdu), http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ReflexivePossessiveAdjective
comment: Attributive possessive pronoun form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., Russian свой: Обама на свой день рождения угощал гостей стейками и хот-догами. Obama on his day of.birth entertained guests with.steaks and hot.dogs "On his birthday, Obama entertained his guests with steaks and hot dogs." (http://ua.rian.ru/world_news/20110805/78815136.html) The antecedent of a possessive reflexive is not determined by its gender, but by its syntactic prominence.
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: reflexive adjective
  intersection of: possessive determiner

reflexive adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377
version info: TOCHECK: Are there non-possessive reflexive determiners ?
comment: Determiner that refers to the same entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1377)
subclass of: determiner
version info: subClassOf determiner (dcif:isA)
label: reflexive determiner

PossessiveRelativePronoun
type: Class
comment: A relative pronoun whose antecedent is the possessor of the subject or object in the relative clause.
version info: here "Pronoun" seems to refer to attributive pronoun, as the corresponding possessiverelativeDeterminer is not found in ISOcat (substitutive possessive relative pronouns [without accompanying noun] do exist, but are comparably marked, cf. "I remember whose lines these are." vs. "I remember certain lines and whose they are." In this example, the latter is actually an elliptical construction with an elided head noun)
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: possessive pronoun
  intersection of: relative pronoun

possessive pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pronoun
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Possessive".
version info: TODO: Check regrouping possibilities, as it is covered by the GOLD definition of PersonalPronoun (i.e., person marking, although no person congruency). PossessivePronoun isn't disjoint with IndefinitePronoun (German: "jemandes" nach jemandes Pfeife tanzen), DemonstrativePronoun (German:"dessen" Zähne alle exakt gleich waren), WHPronoun (German: "wessen" Bedürfnissen soll sie genügen), ReflexivePronoun (Old English "sin" his/her/its).
comment: A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)

relative pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: WHpronoun
version info: EAGLES WHPronoun with Wh-Type="Relative".
comment: A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06)

partitive determiner
type: Class
subclass of: determiner
version info: EAGLES Determiner with DetType="Partitive".
version info: TODO: Check the relationship between PartitiveDeterminer and PartitiveCase: The partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity" (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase, with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive). PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some'. (GOLD, "Partitive"; see there for references)
comment: A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. (Wilson and Leech 1996)

uniquitive determiner
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer
subclass of: determiner
comment: Determiner/Type="exceptional" is applied to the Persian uniquitive determiner تنها i.e., "the only" (MTE v4; Hamidreza Kobdani, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#UniquitiveDeterminer)

WHdeterminer
type: Class
version info: TODO: This class is based on surface criteria of Indo-European languages. In other (and even IE) languages, relative pronouns are partly also derived from non-interrogatives, but rather from demonstratives, cf. English "that". Should be abandoned unless language-independent evidence for its existence is provided. DEPRECATED: to be replaced by InterrogativeDeterminer or RelativeDeterminer
deprecated: true
subclass of: determiner
subclass of: Class
  union of: interrogative determiner
  union of: relative determiner
version info: EAGLES Determiner with Det.-Type="Int./Rel.".

interrogative determiner
type: Class
subclass of: WHdeterminer
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: WHdeterminer
  intersection of: question word
version info: EAGLES Determiner with WhType="Interrogative"
comment: A interrogative is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause. E.g. "which", "what", "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07)

relative determiner
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Determiner with Wh-Type="Relative".
comment: The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.". The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.28, 07.05.07)
subclass of: WHdeterminer

exclamatory determiner
type: Class
subclass of: WHdeterminer
version info: EAGLES Determiner with optional attribute WhType="Exclamatory"
comment: A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a Nominal Phrase in order to create an exclamation (a more emphatic form of statement), e.g. "What a lovely colour!", "What a wonderful day this is!" (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.27, 07.05.07; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics), 07.05.07)

question word
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated, as merely a shorthand for Lexeme and hasModality some InterrogativeModality
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: lexeme
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has modality
    some values from: interrogative modality
comment: A proform that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.
subclass of: lexeme

article
type: Class
version info: EAGLE top-level category "Article" (AT): In Eagles articles are subsumed under determiners and kept as a separate class. It is a sub-class of determiners which is disjoint with the other determiner classes. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn 18.09.06) Modelled here as sub-class of Determiner because of its syntactic function.
comment: An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and the new or given status. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07)
subclass of: determiner

possessive article
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle
version info: not to be confused with PoessiveDeterminer
subclass of: article
comment: In Romanian, the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element in the structure of the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al meu (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of the indefinite genitive forms of the nouns (e.g. capitol al cărţii (chapter of the book)), e.g., -al/al, a/al, ai/al, al, ale/al, alor/al (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveArticle)

definite article
type: Class
subclass of: article
version info: EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Definite".
comment: A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)

specific determiner
type: Class
subclass of: article
version info: introduced to account for the specific determiner in Farsi (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer)
label: specific article
comment: "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)

clitic specific article
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer
comment: Persian does have an article, but it marks specificity rather than definiteness. The Persian article is similar to the Balkan one (a clitic of pronominal origin that's written together with the word), except that it isn't exactly definite (you can even see it described as an indefinite article). (Ivan A. Derzhanski, p.c. 2010/06/18)
label: clitic specific determiner
subclass of: specific determiner
subclass of: cliticness

nonspecific determiner
type: Class
subclass of: article
version info: introduced in analogy with SpecificArticle
label: nonspecific article
comment: "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)

full article
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928
comment: For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1928)
subclass of: definite article
version info: DCR: "full article" in dcif:conceptualDomain definiteness, remodelled as a property of DefiniteArticles here
label: full definite article

clitic definite article
type: Class
version info: cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDistalDeterminer
comment: clitic definite determiner, e.g., in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Romanian (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDeterminerType)
label: clitic definite determiner
subclass of: definite article
subclass of: cliticness

short article
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927 (short article)
comment: For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1927)
subclass of: definite article
version info: DCR: subClassOf definiteness (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: short definite article

partitive article
type: Class
version info: TODO: Check relationship with PartitiveDeterminer
version info: EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Partitive". (optional for French)
comment: A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des, as in Voulez-vous du café? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee"). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06)
subclass of: article

indefinite article
type: Class
subclass of: article
version info: EAGLES Article with Article-Type="Indefinite".
comment: An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)

fused prep art
type: Class
subclass of: preposition
subclass of: article
version info: EAGLES Adposition with Type="FusedPrepArt"
comment: The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split fused words such as French au (= à + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)

DifferentialPronoun
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)
comment: A pronoun, which classifies or differentiates(pronoun) by a single basis, like everybody; each; individual etc. འ ག་པ ་ ་ ར་ ག་ར་ ན་ ང་ ང་ཁ་ ས་ད ། Drupai Miser Gara Enrung Dzongkha ShegÔ 'Every Bhutanese must know Dzongkha' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: TOCHECK: maybe this is a quantifier ?
subclass of: Pronoun

distributive pronoun
type: Class
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Distributivity is a property of Pronominals
subclass of: Pronoun
comment: When the subject is conjoined, the reflexive cannot refer to only one of them. The proform has to be a distributive pronoun, i.e., the reduplicated form, when it has coreference to respective subjects, e.g., *kumaarum_i/Kumar.and umaavum_j/Uma.and tan_i+j/self-poss puunekki/cat.to paalu/milk kuDuttaanaanga/give-pst-aggr. "*Kumar_i and Uma gave milk to his_i/her_j cat." (Annamalai 2000, p. 189, on Tamil) Unlike reciprocals, the two parts of a distributive pronoun cannot be considered as two full, independent NPs. In "awar/1 awar/2", only "awar/2" is case marked; "awar/1" is its citation form. Also, the two parts cannot be separated by intervening material (cf. English "one another"). (Jayaseelan 2000, p. 149, on Malayalam) (K.A. Jayaseelan, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Malayalam, In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 113-168) (E. Annamalai, 2000, Lexical anaphors and pronouns in Tamil, , In: Barbara C. Lust, Kashi Wali, James W. Gair, K.V.Subharao (eds.), Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. A Principled Typology, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 169-216)

LocativePronoun
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)
comment: A Locative pronoun is a pronoun, which locates the object of a noun or place of anything. ་ ན་ གས་ ང་ ་ ག། Nâ[LP] PhÜntsho'ling-lu ShÔ 'Come here at Phuntsholing' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: TODO: clarify relationship with pronominal adverb
subclass of: Pronoun

substitutive pronoun
type: Class
version info: introduced to account for non-attributive pronouns, see olia:AttributivePronoun
comment: non-attributive pronoun
subclass of: pronoun
subclass of: Class
  complement of: adjective
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: pronoun
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: attributive pronoun

demonstrative pronoun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Demonstrative".
version info: TODO: This definition is nonsatisfactory, cf. Ehlich (1982) for intra-textual ("anadeictic") uses of demonstratives.
comment: Demonstrative pronouns are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06)
subclass of: pronoun

conditional pronoun
type: Class
version info: check for a definition
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222
comment: conditional pronoun (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2222)
subclass of: pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)

emphatic pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941
comment: Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941)
subclass of: pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)
deprecated: true
version info: DEPRECATED: shorthand for Pronoun and hasEmphasis some Emphatic
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: pronoun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has emphasis
    some values from: Emphatic

allusive pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223
comment: pronoun that have reference to something characterized by allusions. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2223) an invariable pronoun expressing a specific intention by means of unclear term (Khemakhem Aida, 2010-05-10 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr) examples from Arabic (Monica Monachini 2010-05-06 via isocat-morpho@loria.fr): "kam nahaituhu" (how often I forbade him, Hans Wehr), "baas Saar `amra `ashr isniin, gam (= kam) yriid paysikil" (He just turned ten, and here [how] he wants a bicycle, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary), "gam (= kam) yurguS imnil-faraH" ([how] he jumped for joy, Georgetown University Iraqi Arabic-English Dictionary)
subclass of: pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)

nonspecific pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun
subclass of: indefinite pronoun
comment: In the Russian MTE v4 specs, Pronoun/Type="nonspecific" marks the following Russian words: весь 'all', всякий 'any, every', сам 'oneself', самый 'the very', каждый 'every, each', иной 'other', любой 'any', другой 'other'. The name "nonspecific" follows Halliday (1985, Section 6.2.1.1). (MTE v4) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specificity
  some values from: nonspecific

impersonal pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426
comment: Pronoun lacking person referent. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1426) More precisely, a form of pronoun that denotes the absence of a concrete or specific referent, e.g., German "man". As opposed to IndefinitePronoun, this referent is not just discourse-new, but generic or hypothetical.
subclass of: indefinite pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)

indefinite pronoun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Indefinite".
comment: An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: pronoun

negative pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925
comment: Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1925)
subclass of: indefinite pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA), reclassification as IndefinitePronoun follows EAGLES and STTS praxis

WHpronoun
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: TODO: Check cross-linguistic validity of this class. This class is based on surface criteria of Indo-European languages. In other (and even IE) languages, relative pronouns are partly also derived from non-interrogatives, but rather from demonstratives, cf. English "that". Should be abandoned unless language-independent evidence for its existence is provided. DEPRECATED: to be replaced with InterrogativePronoun or RelativePronoun
subclass of: pronoun
subclass of: Class
  union of: relative pronoun
  union of: interrogative pronoun
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Int./Rel.".

interrogative pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: WHpronoun
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: WHpronoun
  intersection of: question word
version info: EAGLES WHPronoun with Wh-Type="Interrogative".
comment: A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions in place of the item questioned for. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)

exclamatory pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: WHpronoun
version info: EAGLES WHPronoun with Wh-Type="Exclamatory".
comment: An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06)

pers refl pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pronoun
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Pron.-Type="Pers/Ref".
version info: TODO: This class should be renamed to PersonalPronoun, as it corresponds to the definition of PersonalPronoun in GOLD. Subclasses then should be renamed to ReflexivePronoun and NonreflexivePersonalPronoun.
comment: In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)

reflexive pronoun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES PersReflPronoun with SpecialPronounType="Reflexive".
comment: A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: pers refl pronoun

determinal pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun
version info: Not to be confused with pronominal determiners
subclass of: pers refl pronoun
comment: The Estonian determinal pronouns _ise_, _end(a)_ `(one)self'." combine aspects of emphatic pronouns and reflexive pronouns. It could also be described as an intensifier that is formally identical with the reflexive pronoun or as an emphatic reflexive pronoun. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DeterminalPronoun; Insa Gülzow (2006), The acquisition of intensifiers: Emphatic reflexives in English and German child language, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, p. 258)

irreflexive personal pronoun
type: Class
label: personal pronoun
label: pronom personnel @fr
version info: EAGLES PersReflPronoun with "Special PronounType"="Personal".
version info: TODO: the SIL definition (also used in GOLD) is nonsatisfactory. German reflexive pronouns have person distinction, so this definition actually applies to EAGLES PersReflPronoun rather than EAGLES PersonalPronoun.
comment: A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06) Note that (despite the SIL definition), an olia:PersonalPronoun refers to irreflexive personal pronouns. Personal pronoun categories without reflexivity sensitivity should be mapped onto olia:PersReflPronoun. (CC)
subclass of: pers refl pronoun

reciprocal pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pers refl pronoun
version info: EAGLES PersReflPronoun with "Special PronounType"="Reciprocal".
comment: A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)

expletive pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: third person pronoun
subclass of: expletive
version info: Missing in the EAGLES recommendations, added in accordance with the TIGER annotation scheme (for German). As expletive pronouns often (e.g., in German or English) have the form of 3.sg personal pronouns, expletives are modelled here as subclass of ThirdPersonPronoun.
version info: TODO: compare with GOLD, modeled as a PartOfSpeechProperty there
version info: TODO: revise definition, the GOLD definition applies to copula, too.
comment: An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical [Crystal 1997, 127] (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Expletive) In European languages, expletives are pronouns. A verbal part of speech that "has no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical" is a copula (see AuxiliaryVerb).

third person pronoun
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Person="Third". As only personal and reflexive pronouns show person differentiation, ThirdPersonPronoun is modelled as a subclass of PersReflConcept here.
comment: Third person reference is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: pers refl pronoun

expletive
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283
comment: Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1283)
version info: modelled as a Unique concept here, although normally not considered a Particle
subclass of: unique

expletive argument
type: Class
subclass of: expletive pronoun
comment: Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). ... The formal subject obligatorily occurs with weather verbs, e.g. "Es regnet" and unpersonal or agentless constructions such as "Es gibt so eine Buchung" or "Es geht um populäre Unterhaltung." Some verbs optionally permit an expletive subject but also occur with referential subjects such as "Max/Es kopft an der Tür." A formal object is found in constructions like "jmd. legt es an auf etw." or "jmd. verdirbt es mit jmdm." In all examples mentioned, es functions as a grammatical argument without semantic contribution, i.e. it does not refer to a person, object, or event. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60f)
version info: TüBa-D/Z

expletive correlate
type: Class
subclass of: expletive pronoun
comment: Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) Extraposed clausal arguments: "Aber [es] ist übertrieben zu sagen, damit bekäme die FU erst eine Identität." (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.62)
version info: TüBa-D/Z

structural expletive
type: Class
subclass of: expletive pronoun
comment: Three different expletive usages [of the German expletive pronoun es] are traditionally distinguished: formal subject or object (expletive argument), correlate of an extraposed clausal argument (expletive correlate), and Vorfeld-es (structural expletive) (cf. (Eisenberg 1999 2001), (Pütz 1986)). (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.60) In German, a purely structural dummy element ... occurs in Vorfeld position only and is not correlated with any argument of the clause. It does not agree with the verb which becomes evident if there is a plural subject in the Mittelfeld: "es zahlen ihn die Völker, deren Menschenrechte angeblich verteidigt werden." It is ungrammatical in the Mittelfeld, e.g. *". . . dass es ihn die Völker zahlen".
version info: TüBa-D/Z

affixed personal pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221, modelled as a subClassOf PersonalPronoun, clitic pronouns are weak personal pronouns
comment: Personnal pronoun that is affixed. (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2221)
subclass of: irreflexive personal pronoun
version info: subClassOf pronoun (dcif:isA)

weak personal pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414
comment: Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal pronoun. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1414)
subclass of: irreflexive personal pronoun
version info: subClassOf personalPronoun (dcif:isA)

strong personal pronoun
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390
comment: Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal pronoun. (Eagles; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1390)
subclass of: irreflexive personal pronoun
version info: subClassOf personalPronoun (dcif:isA)

second person pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pers refl pronoun
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Person="Second". According to Mish et al. (1990:878), this pertains to PersonalPronoun only (and ReflexivePronoun as German "dich"), so SecondPersonPronoun is modelled as a PersReflPronoun here.
version info: TODO: Person as property
comment: Second person deixis means deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)

polite second person pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: second person pronoun
version info: EAGLES PersonalPronoun with Politeness="Polite". The EAGLES attribute politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns. In French, for example, it is possible to treat Polite simply as pragmatic values encoded through other attributes - especially person and number. In languages where there are special polite pronoun forms (e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted), the additional Politeness attribute is required. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
version info: TODO: Politeness as feature rather than a concept.
comment: In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)

familiar second person pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: second person pronoun
version info: EAGLES PersonalPronoun with Politeness="Familiar". The EAGLES attribute politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
comment: In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The concept FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)

first person pronoun
type: Class
subclass of: pers refl pronoun
version info: EAGLES Pronoun with Person="First". As only personal and reflexive pronouns show person differentiation, FirstPersonPronoun is modelled as a subclass of PersReflConcept here.
comment: A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)

main punctuation
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075
comment: Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2075)
subclass of: punctuation
version info: subClassOf punctuation (dcif:isA)

sentence final punctuation
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv
comment: SentenceFinalPunctuation are . ? !. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
subclass of: main punctuation

interrogative point
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444
comment: Sign used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1444)
label: question mark
subclass of: sentence final punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

DeclarativePunctuation
type: Class
comment: Punctuation used at the end a declarative sentence.
subclass of: sentence final punctuation
subclass of: declarative modality

dot
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445
comment: Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1445)
label: point
subclass of: sentence final punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

exclamative point
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441
comment: Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1441)
subclass of: main punctuation
version info: MainPunctuation, not SentenceFinalPunctuation because of the Spanish inverted exclamation point (Chiarcos)
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

interrogative punctuation
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087
comment: Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2087)
subclass of: main punctuation

parenthetical punctuation
type: Class
subclass of: secondary punctuation
comment: Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node. Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical. (Bies et al. 1995)
version info: added in conformance with Penn Treebank Bracketing Guidelines (Bies et al. 1995)

secondary punctuation
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076
comment: Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076)
subclass of: punctuation
version info: subClassOf punctuation (dcif:isA)

right parenthetical punctuation
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to ClosePunctuation to support scripts running from left to right
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079
version info: added in accordance with EAGLES suggestions (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv)
subclass of: parenthetical punctuation
comment: End of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2079) RightParentheticalPunctuation is a punctuation mark which concludes a constituent whose the opening is marked by a LeftParentheticalPunctuation, e.g. ), ] and Spanish ?. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)

close bracket
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083
comment: Punctuation that is graphically represented by ] (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2083)
subclass of: right parenthetical punctuation

close parenthesis
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440
comment: End of a parenthesis pair. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1440)
subclass of: right parenthetical punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

close curly bracket
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085
comment: Punctuation that is graphically represented by } (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2085)
subclass of: right parenthetical punctuation

close angle bracket
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
comment: > *RAB* Right angle bracket (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: right parenthetical punctuation

close square bracket
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
subclass of: right parenthetical punctuation
comment: ] *RSB* Right square bracket (Santorini 1991)

left parenthetical punctuation
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to OpeningPerentheticalPunctuation to support scripts running from left to right.
version info: added in accordance with a suggestion by Wilson and Leech (1996); http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078 (open punctuation)
comment: Beginning of a paired punctuation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2078)
version info: TODO: rename to OpenPunctuation
subclass of: parenthetical punctuation

open angle bracket
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation
comment: < *LAB* Left angle bracket (Santorini 1991)

open square bracket
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991
comment: [ *LSB* Left square bracket (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation

inverted comma
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443, used as left-parenthetical punctuation in German single quotes
comment: Inverted comma. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1443)
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

inverted question mark
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088
comment: Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2088)
label: inverted interrogative point
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation

open curly bracket
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084
comment: Punctuation that is graphically represented as { (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2084)
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation

open parenthesis
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442
comment: Beginning of a pair of parenthesis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1442)
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

open bracket
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082
comment: Punctuation that is represented graphically as [ (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2082)
subclass of: left parenthetical punctuation

sentence medial punctuation
type: Class
subclass of: secondary punctuation
version info: added in accordance with a suggestion by Wilson and Leech (1996)
comment: SentenceMedialPunctuation are , ; : - . (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)

colon
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439
comment: Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example or quotation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1439)
subclass of: sentence medial punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

comma
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448
comment: Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list. (Longman DCE 2005; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1448)
subclass of: sentence medial punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

semi-colon
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446
comment: Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1446)
subclass of: sentence medial punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: semi colon

hyphen
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077
comment: Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-". (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2077)
subclass of: sentence medial punctuation

quote
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081
comment: Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2081)
subclass of: secondary punctuation

slash
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437
comment: The punctuation sign / (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1437)
subclass of: secondary punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)
version info: Parenthetical in Russian (instead of "(", ")"), sentence medial in English

suspension points
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447
comment: Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form). (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1447)
subclass of: sentence medial punctuation
version info: subClassOf partOfSpeech (dcif:conceptualDomain)

CloseQuote
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#CloseQuotationMark
comment: quotation mark, closing
subclass of: Quote

OpenQuote
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#OpenQuotationMark
comment: quotation mark, opening
subclass of: Quote

quantifier noun
type: Class
version info: shorthand for Quantifier and Noun, adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010)
comment: A noun which quantifies one or more things, regardless of subject and an object. ང་གིས་ བམོ་ ལ་ དང་ ཕད་ཅི། NGAGI BUM 'NGA 'DA CHECI I girl five with met “I met with five girls.” (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010)
subclass of: Quantifier
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Quantifier
  intersection of: Noun

numeral
type: Class
version info: EAGLES top-level category Numeral (NU). Modelled as subclass of Quantifier (a concept that is absent in EAGLES) in accordance with GOLD. DCR subclassification (numberBoth, numeralRoman) ignored
version info: Subclassification combines syntactic (Ordinal/CardinalNumeral) and morphological (Fraction, ApproximateNumeral) criteria. To be resolved. In the MULTEXT-East ontology, the latter aspect is represented as http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MorphologicalFormOfNumeral
comment: A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
subclass of: quantifier
label: numératif @fr

NominalNumber
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chunkgu et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber)
comment: Nominal numbers are used to identify or refer the things. It does not show the quantity or rank. Example: ངེ་གི་ འགལ་འཕིན་ ཨང་གངས་ འདི་ ༡༧༦༤༩༠༣༧ ཨིན། NGIGI DRUELTHRIN ANGDRANG 'DI 17649037 INN my mobile number is 17649037 be “ My mobile number is 17649037.” (Jurmey Rabgay, email Sep 20, 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#NominalNumber)
subclass of: numeral

generic numeral
type: Class
subclass of: numeral
comment: A numeral used to indicate the number of sets/kinds of objects. (Dan Zeman, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3022)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3022

cardinal number
type: Class
subclass of: numeral
version info: EAGLES Numeral with Type="Cardinal".
comment: A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)

ordinal number
type: Class
subclass of: numeral
version info: EAGLES Numeral with Type="Ordinal".
comment: An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence, e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)

collective numeral
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral
subclass of: numeral
comment: Numeral/Type="collect" (Romanian) In traditional Romanian grammars, expressions like amândoi "both", toţi trei "all three" are referred to as collective numerals. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
comment: e.g., czworga/czworo, czworgiem/czworo, czworgu/czworo, czworo/czworo, dwoje/dwoje, dwojga/dwoje, dwojgiem/dwoje, dwojgu/dwoje, jedenaścioro/jedenaścioro (pl, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
comment: e.g., обата, обајцата, обете, шеесетминава/шеесетмина, шеесетминана/шеесетмина, шеесетмината/шеесетмина, шеснаесетминава/шеснаесетмина, шеснаесетминана/шеснаесетмина, шеснаесетмината/шеснаесетмина (mk, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
comment: e.g., dvadesetora/dvadesetoro, dvoja/dvoje, dvoje, dvoji/dvoje, dvojih/dvoje, dvojim/dvoje, oboje, tridesetora/tridesetoro, troja/troje (sr, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)
comment: e.g., ambelor/ambii, ambilor/ambii, amânduror/amândoi, amândurora/amândoi, câteşipatru, tuspatru (ro, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CollectiveNumeral)

NumeralBoth
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: The ISOcat definition entails that this just represents the value of "2". I guess, this is not true, but that this Numeral is actually a DualQuantifier (and should be renamed as such), otherwise, it should be eliminated
comment: Numeric value for two.
subclass of: numeral

numeral
type: Class
comment: can be defined either in terms of morphosyntax (MorphosyntacticCategory) or in terms of orthography (OrthographicEntity), compare both definitions
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

fractional numeral
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral, http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#FractionalNumeral
label: fraction
subclass of: numeral
comment: Numeral/Form="fractional" (Romanian) In traditional Romanian grammars, FractionalNumeral refers to expressions like treime-one third. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
comment: e.g., treisprezecimea/treisprezecime, treisprezecimi/treisprezecime, treisprezecimii/treisprezecime, treisprezecimile/treisprezecime, treisprezecimilor/treisprezecime, unsprezecimea/unsprezecime, unsprezecimi/unsprezecime, unsprezecimii/unsprezecime, unsprezecimile/unsprezecime (ro, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)
comment: e.g., يک‌چهارمِ/يک‌چهار يک‌پنجمِ/يک‌پنج (fa, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FractalNumeral)

approximate numeral
type: Class
subclass of: numeral
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral
comment: Bulgarian has Numeral/Form=approx(a), used for approximate numerals (десетина /about a ten/, стотина /about a hundred/) (Dimitrova et al. 2009, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ApproximateNumeral)

multiplicative numeral
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to MultiplicativeNumeral
label: multiple numeral
subclass of: quantifier
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral, http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#MultiplicativeNumeral; As "manyfold" fits Ghostwick's definition, MultipleNumeral is modelled as a subclass of Quantifier rather than Numeral. In MULTEXT-East, "Numeral" was extended to coover non-numerical quantifiers, hence the name.
comment: A Multiple Numeral serves to define a complex whole, with respect to the number of its parts, e.g., English "twofold", "twice" or "manyfold". Used in morphosyntactic descriptions of, e.g., Romanian, Slovak and Czech. (Joseph Ghostwick [1878], English language -- Grammar, Historical, London, Longmans, Green, and Co.; http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultipleNumeral)

pro quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier
comment: A ProQuantifier is a quantifier derived from a pronominal element. ProQuantifiers thus partly characterized as pronouns (e.g., as pronominal adverbs) or quantifiers (e.g., "indefinite numeral" as in MTE v.4). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ProQuantifier)
subclass of: pronoun
subclass of: quantifier

interrogative quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier
comment: In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 pecs, Numeral/Class="interrogative" are items meaning `how many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InterrogativeQuantifier)
subclass of: pro quantifier
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: pro quantifier
  intersection of: question word

InterrogativeMultiplicativeQuantifier
type: Class
comment: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about the number of times something happened.
subclass of: interrogative quantifier

interrogative cardinal numeral
type: Class
comment: interrogativeCardinalNumeral: An interrogative/relative word used to ask about quantity.
subclass of: interrogative quantifier

IndefiniteMultiplicativeQuantifier
type: Class
comment: A word indicating imprecise number of times something happened.
subclass of: indefinite quantifier

indefinite quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier
comment: In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="indefinite" are items meaning `several/some', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#IndefiniteQuantifier)
subclass of: pro quantifier

indefinite cardinal numeral
type: Class
comment: ndefiniteCardinalNumeral: A word used to express imprecise quantity.
subclass of: indefinite quantifier

relative quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier
comment: In the Czech MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="relative" are items meaning `how many/much', `as many/much' etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RelativeQuantifier)
subclass of: pro quantifier

demonstrative quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier
comment: In the Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, Numeral/Class="demonstrative" are items meaning `this many/much', etc. Strictly speaking, they are pronumerals (pro-quantifiers), but traditional descriptions don't recognise such a category, so they are described variously as pronouns (because they contain a demonstrative element) or as numerals (because their syntactic distribution is that of numerals, or very close)." (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/11, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemonstrativeQuantifier)
subclass of: pro quantifier

CharacteristicAdjective
type: Class
comment: It is an adjective, which expresses the character and feature of subject or an object, while modifying a noun. ང་འ ་ ང ་ འ ག། Shing-di rim du 'The tree is tall' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#CharacteristicAdjective)
subclass of: Adjective

PeriodicAdjective
type: Class
comment: It is an adjective, which expresses the time or period of the circumstances, while modifying a noun. ན་ ང་ ང་ ་ ལ་ ་ འ ་ ། Nahing Nga chigyel-lu joyi 'I went abroad last year' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
version info: http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#PeriodicAdjective
subclass of: Adjective

RelativeAdjective
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE for Urdu, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective
subclass of: Adjective
comment: Relative adjectives express similarity or a comparison. (Schmidt 1999, p.218, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#RelativeAdjective)

predicative adjective
type: Class
subclass of: adjective
version info: EAGLES Adjective with Use="Predicative".
comment: A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)

attributive adjective
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Adjective with Use="Attributive".
comment: An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun, e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
subclass of: adjective

denominal adjective
type: Class
comment: Denominal adjective, formed from a noun (Chiarcos, based on lexinfo:adjective-na)
subclass of: adjective

Substantive adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394
comment: An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1394) (Chiarcos: this seems to pertain to nominalization)
subclass of: adjective
label: substantive adjective

deverbal adjective
type: Class
comment: Adjective based on a verb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598). Note that these are not necessarily grammaticalized as participles.
version info: (Chiarcos, introduced to account for lexinfo:participleAdjective along with lexinfo:adjective-i)
subclass of: adjective

participle adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598
comment: Adjective based on a verb. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1598)
subclass of: deverbal adjective
subclass of: participle
version info: subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)

past participle adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596
comment: Adjective based on a past participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1596)
version info: subClassOf participleAdjective (dcif:isA)
subclass of: participle adjective
subclass of: PastParticiple

present participle adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597
comment: Adjective based on a present participle. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1597)
subclass of: participle adjective
subclass of: PresentParticiple
version info: subClassOf participleAdjective (dcif:isA)

ordinal adjective
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: DEPRECATED: The DCR definition and this term are incorrect. "Ordinal adjective" entered ISOcat from MULTEXT-East, where it was originally applied to relational adjectives (Slovene, Resian, Ukrainian, Czech). "Ordinal adjective" is a mistranslation from Slovene _vrstni pridevniki_ that should be properly rendered in English as "relational adjective" (Derzhanski and Kotsyba 2009). However, the Macedonian MULTEXT v.4 guidelines use this category for ordinal numerals. Due to its inherent ambiguity, this category is to be avoided.
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338
comment: Adjective expressing a numeric ranking. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1338) Cf. "second", "next", "last"
subclass of: adjective
version info: subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)
equivalent class: RelationalAdjective

relational adjective
type: Class
version info: cf. OrdinalAdjective
comment: The Slovene adjective expresses three main ideas: quality (qualitative adjectives, kakovostni pridevniki), relation (relational adjectives, vrstni pridevniki) and possession (possessive adjectives, svojilni pridevniki). Relational adjectives express type, class or numerical sequence of a noun. For instance: kemijska in fizikalna sprememba (chemical and physical change), fotografski aparat (photographic device (=camera)). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_grammar)
subclass of: adjective

possessive adjective
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective
subclass of: adjective
comment: A PossessiveAdjective is an denominal adjective, often derived from a ProperNoun, that serves to indicate possession in most Slavic languages. Unlike a genitival construction, a possessive adjective shows agreement with its head noun. (Chiarcos)
comment: Adjective/Type="possessive" are denominal, not pronominal expressions of possession (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09). Therefore not to be confused with Pronoun/Type=adjectival(a) (Bulgarian only), for words like умно /cleverly, wisely, sensibly/, which are derived from adjectives. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) e.g., Slovene dušikovima/dušikov, Marsovi/Marsov, Slovak vojvodova/vojvodov, vojvodove/vojvodov, vojvodovej/vojvodov, vojvodovho/vojvodov, vojvodovi/vojvodov, vojvodovmu/vojvodov, vojvodovo/vojvodov, vojvodovom/vojvodov, vojvodovou/vojvodov, Serbian evroazijske/evroazijska, evroazijskih/evroazijski, Goldštajnov, govornikov, Jehovine/Jehovin, malabarskom/malabarski, O'Brajenov, O'Brajenovog/O'Brajenov, oficirov, Czech Riegrovými/Riegrův, Stradellovými/Stradellův, Tristanovou/Tristanův, Wagnerových/Wagnerův, Wagnerovým/Wagnerův, Weberovi/Weberův, Weberových/Weberův, Wertherovi/Wertherův, Winstonovi/Winstonův (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PossessiveAdjective)

qualifier adjective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#QualificativeAdjective
comment: Adjective used to qualify. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1477)
label: qualificative adjective
subclass of: adjective
subclass of: Qualifier
version info: subClassOf adjective (dcif:isA)

Qualifier
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1373
comment: Also called MODIFIER : A word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun alarm is a modifier of clock in "alarm clock" and the phrase every day is an adverbial modifier of walks in "he walks every day" (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=modifier; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1373)
subclass of: modifier
label: qualifier

modifier adverb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb
subclass of: adverb
comment: Adverb/Type="modifier" is used in the English, Romanian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. For Romanian, Adverb/Type="modifier" applies to adverbs which can have predicative role, that is they can govern a subordinate sentence (ex. Fireşte că o ştiu -- Certainly I know it). Here (for uniformity within a multilingual environment), they are squeezed into the modifier class. (MTE v4) e.g., better (en) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ModifierAdverb)

adjectival adverb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb
subclass of: adverb
comment: An adjectival adverb is an adverb that is formally identical to an adjective. MULTEXT-East Adverb/Type="adjectival" (Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian) Bulgarian AdjectivalAdverbs have the same form as adjectives in Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number = singular. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectivalAdverb)

verbal adverb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb
subclass of: adverb
comment: Adverb/Type="verbal" applies to adverbs derived from from verbs (verbal adverbs) in the Serbian, Macedonian and Hungarian MTE v4 specs. Macedonian verbal adverbs (gerunds) like odejkji are thus not considered as verbal forms, but as Adverb/Type="verbal". (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalAdverb)

adverbial participle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple
subclass of: adverb
subclass of: participle
comment: Adverb/Type="participle" is used in the Slovene MTE v4 specs, e.g., 'leže' / lying. Slovenian adverbial participles are, however, not attested for Resian. (MTE v4)(http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdverbialParticiple)

negative adverb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb
version info: to be modelled as SemanticRole (cf. CausalAdverb) ?
comment: Adverb/Type="negative" are used in the Serbian and Romanian MTE v4 specs, e.g., for Romanian nicăieri - nowhere, niciodată - never. (MTE v4) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeAdverb)
subclass of: adverb

causal adverb
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: DEPRECATED: equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some CauseRole
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: adverb
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: cause role
subclass of: adverb
comment: Adverb/Type="causal" is used in the Hungarian MTE v4, but no examples are provided. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CausalAdverb)

ModalityMarkingAdverb
type: Class
version info: introduced for http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#NegativeModalAdverb in the EMILLE tagset (Hardie 2003) for Urdu
comment: A modality-marking adverb is a verbal particle that serves to indicate mood, aspect and/or tense (cf. Schmidt 1999). Note that this is not to be confused with the conventional meaning of "modal adverb" in the sense of "manner adverb" (cf. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_adverbs), hence the uncommon name. Ruth Laila Schmidt (1999) Urdu, an essential grammar, Routledge, London.
version info: despite the deviating terminology, this seems to be a subconcept of VerbalParticle, and maybe, it corresponds to ModalParticle (but only if the DCR definition is incorrect)
subclass of: adverb
subclass of: verbal particle

manner adverb
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: DEPRECATED: equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some MannerRole from ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#MannerAdverb
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: adverb
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: manner role
subclass of: adverb

location adverb
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#LocationAdverb DEPRECATED: equivalent to Adverb and hasSemanticRole some LocationRole
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: adverb
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: location role
subclass of: adverb

degree adverb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Adverb with Adverb-Type="Degree".
comment: Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a determiner is a degree adverb. (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc, p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06) Also known as specifier adverb (http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php)
label: specifier adverb
subclass of: adverb

pronominal adverb
type: Class
label: adverbial pronoun
version info: EAGLES Adverb with Adverb-Type="Pronominal". Against the EAGLES definition given below, pronominal adverbs can but don't have to be used for pronominal references, thus this special and diachronically important case is better described by the join of this with personal pronoun.
comment: Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP, cf. English therefore lit. "for this (reason, ...)", German deswegen lit. "because of this (reason, ...)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06, examples Ch. Chiarcos)
subclass of: adverb

demonstrative adverb
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#AdverbialDemonstrative, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#DistalDemonstrativeAdverb
comment: Pronominal adverb derived from a demonstrative stem (Ch. Chiarcos)
subclass of: pronominal adverb

WHtype adverbs
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to WHTypeAdverb
version info: EAGLES Adverb with Polarity="Wh-type".
version info: See remarks on WHPronoun, this is actually a language-specific trait and should probably be removed.
comment: Adverb that serves to express interrogativity, exclamation or that serves to link a subordinate clause to the matrix clause. (Ch. Chiarcos)
subclass of: adverb

exclamatory adverb
type: Class
subclass of: WHtype adverbs
version info: EAGLES WHAdverb with Wh-Type="Exclamatory".
comment: An ExclamatoryAdverb seves to express exclamation, cf. how in "How well everyone played!" Exclamative sentences or exclamatives An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement, in particular, they are used are used to express strong feelings (Latin exclamare : "to call out, to cry out"). (http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)

interrogative adverb
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Adverb with Wh-Type="Interrogative".
comment: Interrogative adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. "When are you coming?" (Angelika Adam)
subclass of: WHtype adverbs
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: WHtype adverbs
  intersection of: question word

relative adverb
type: Class
subclass of: WHtype adverbs
version info: EAGLES Adverb with Wh-Type="Relative".
comment: The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' I met you.", "The reason 'why' I did it." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz, p.33, 07.05.07)

PossessionMarker
type: Class
version info: introduced for Urdu wala, as used in the tagset by Sajjad (2007, http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala)
comment: In Urdu, wālā can be added to substantives to derive nouns implying possession or general relationships, e.g., go-wāl, or go-wālā, s.m. cow-keeper, cow-herd (from go, 'cow'), or ghar-wālā, s.m. master or owner of the house (from ghar, 'house') (Plats 1884, cf. http://purl.org/olia/urdu.owl#Wala)
subclass of: Unique

CaseMarker
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010). If its tradition of grammar description is influenced by the Indian, these case markers are variously described as case morphemes or as postpositions. Therefore introduced as a shorthand for Adposition or MorphologicalParticle
subclass of: Class
  union of: MorphologicalParticle
  union of: Adposition
subclass of: Unique

ezafe
type: Class
label: izafat
version info: from the EMILLE tagset for Urdu, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat, cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#GenitiveCase for the modelling of the Izafat in the Farsi MULTEXT-East.
comment: The izāfat (pronounced as a shorter form of –ē–) is an enclitic of Persian origin which is used in Farsi and neighboring languages. In Urdu, it can be considered a preposition under certain circumstances: it links two nouns in a possessive relationship, although the phrase thus produced may often have a different meaning to a phrase produced with the native Urdu postposition kā. However, the izāfat may also join a noun to an adjective, in which case it is not so clearly accurate to describe it as a preposition parallel to the prepositions in European languages for which the EAGLES guidelines were compiled. A better way to treat izāfat is in the context of the Unique category of miscellaneous one-member wordclasses, discussed below. (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#Izafat) enclitic morpheme used to form noun phrases and that can denote possession, can form apposition or can join adjectives to nouns. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2999)
subclass of: Unique

MultiplicativeMarker
type: Class
version info: introduced for Urdu gunâ (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker)
comment: In Urdu, multiplicative numerals are formed by adding the suffix gunâ (Schmidt 1999, p. 260,http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MultiplicativeMarker)
subclass of: unique

Intensifier
type: Class
version info: adopted from Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#Intensifier
comment: For Hindi, words like 'bahuta', 'kama', etc. when intensifying adjectives or adverbs will be annotated as INTF. Example, h37. hEdarAbAda meM aMgUra bahuta_INTF acche milate hEM 'HyderabAd' 'in' 'grapes' 'very' 'good' 'available' 'are' “Very good grapes are available in Hyderabad” (Bharati et al. 2006) Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf
subclass of: Unique

EmphaticParticle
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle, etc. From a logical point of view, emphasis is closely related to intensification, hence, subconcept of Intensifier
comment: Emphatic particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô: vo urdû parhê gâ "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo urdû parhê gâ tô lêkin imtihân nahîm dê gâ "He will STUDY Urdu, OF COURSE, but he won't take the examination." (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
subclass of: intensifier
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: particle
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has emphasis
    some values from: Emphatic
subclass of: particle

ExclusiveEmphaticParticle
type: Class
subclass of: Exclusive
version info: adopted from EMILLE for Urdu, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle
subclass of: emphatic particle
comment: In Urdu, the exclusive emphatic particle hî emphasizes the preceding word and excludes something else (which may not be expressed). (Schmidt 1999, p.233, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ExclusiveEmphaticParticle) Compare with the inclusive emphatic particle bhî: maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)

Exclusive
type: Class
comment: a form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are not included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
subclass of: ClusivityFeature

InclusiveEmphaticParticle
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusive
version info: adopted from EMILLE for Urdu, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle
comment: In Urdu, bhî is an emphatic particle meaning 'even'. In opposition to contrastive tô and exclusive hî, bhî is inclusive: maim *bhî* faisalâ karûm gâ "I'll *also* make a decision" maim *hî* faisalâ karûm gâ "*I'm the one who* will make the decision." (Schmidt 1999, p.237, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#InclusiveEmphaticParticle)
subclass of: EmphaticParticle

Inclusive
type: Class
comment: the form denoting that the addressee (addressees) are included into the set of their referents which contain also the speaker
subclass of: ClusivityFeature

ContrastiveEmphaticParticle
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle, shorthand for ContrastiveParticle and EmphaticParticle
subclass of: emphatic particle
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: ContrastiveParticle
  intersection of: EmphaticParticle

ContrastiveParticle
type: Class
version info: adopted from EMILLE, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle, note: there may be contrastive particles that are not emphatic
comment: Contrastive particle, e.g., (one of the uses of) Urdu tô: vo urdû parhê gâ "He will study Urdu." (simple statement) vo tô urdû parhê gâ "HE will study Urdu." (Contrast: the other students may not.) (Schmidt 1999, p. 232, see http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#ContrastiveEmphaticParticle)
subclass of: particle

existential particle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere
comment: English existential there is specified as a subtype of pronoun in MTE v4, i.e., Pronoun/Type="ex-there" (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ExistentialThere)
subclass of: particle

ExistentialPronoun
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: merely a shorthand for ExistentialParticle and Pronoun, hence deprecated
comment: pronoun that indicates the existence of something or someone
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: existential particle
  intersection of: Pronoun

verbal particle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle
subclass of: particle
comment: A verbal particle modifies the verb and carries information on the verb form (e.g., finiteness, tense and aspect). (Dimitrova et al. 2009, Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09). In the Bulgarian MTE specs, Particle/Type=verbal(v) is used to form different type of verbal syntactical relationships, e.g. to create future tense (ще говориш), or particles like се, да. (Dimitrova et al. 2009) The Romanian MTE v4 specs provide a more fine-grained subclassification of (verbal) particles (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#VerbalParticle)

predicative marker
type: Class
version info: adopted from Bambara Reference Corpus, http://cormand.huma-num.fr/gloses.html
comment: no definition given
subclass of: VerbalParticle
label: marque predicative @fr

TenseMarkingParticle
type: Class
version info: adopted from Dzongkha tagset (Chungku et al. 2010, http://purl.org/olia/dzongkha.owl#TenseMarker)
comment: Dzongkha has also a tense marker, which is not complicated like in other languages. It has got only six tense markers and can be used in a very simple and effective way. They are: ('Ni'+'Wong') for future, ('D'o'+'D'ä') for present and ('Ci'+'Yi') for past tense. ང་ ནངས་པ་ འ ་ ། Nga naba jo-ni[past tense] I tomorrow go-will-[past] 'I am going tomorrow' (http://panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Bhutan/Papers/2007/0701/PartOfSpeech.pdf)
subclass of: VerbalParticle

aspect particle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle
comment: In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="aspect" modifies the verbs and carries information on the verb form, i.e., on its aspect (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AspectParticle)
subclass of: verbal particle

voice particle
type: Class
version info: generalization over EAGLES: http://purl.org/olia/eagles.owl#MediopassiveVoiceParticle
comment: E.g., the mediopassive (middle) voice marker se in the Portuguese EAGLES scheme. (Leech and Wilson 1996)
subclass of: verbal particle

subjunctive particle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle
comment: In the Romanian MULTEXT-East scheme, a verbal particle with Particle/Type="future" modifies the verbs and marks the verb as being subjunctive, e.g., s-/să, să (Dan Tufis, email 2010/06/09, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SubjunctiveParticle)
subclass of: verbal particle

discourse marker
type: Class
version info: Introduced in accordance with the TIGER and TüBa-D/Z annotation schemes (syntactic edge label)
subclass of: unique
comment: Generally, discourse markers are expressions or phrases of greeting, apologizing, thanking, short emotional utterances, and interjections. Their node label is DM. ... Typical discourse markers are: ja, nein, hallo, oh, aha, pst, nunja, gewiß, toll, nun ja, etc. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p. 136)

classifier
type: Class
subclass of: unique
version info: Added for compatibility with the SFB632 annotation guidelines.
comment: A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06) Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages. In some Asian languages, classifiers are used as particles to combine a noun with a numeral, e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three people' (Bußmann 2002, under Klassifikator) Bharati et al. (2006, for Indian languages) group Classifiers together with Quantifiers and Numerals, but they do not provide a detailed characterization of this class. Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf

conditional particule
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230
comment: conditional particule (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2230)
subclass of: particle
version info: DCR subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
label: conditional particle

distinctive particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228
comment: distinctive particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2228)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

infinitive particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896, taxonomic organization follows http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#InfinitiveParticle
comment: Particle used to express infinitive. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1896)
subclass of: verbal particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

negative particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894
comment: Particle used to express negation. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1894)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

particule affirmative
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918
comment: Particle used to express affirmation. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1918)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)
label: affirmative particle

possessive particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895
comment: Particle expressing ownship. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1895)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

comparative particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922
comment: Particle used to compare. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1922)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

future particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919, taxonomic organization (under VerbalParticle) follows http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FutureParticle, regrouped under TenseMarkingParticle
comment: Particle used in order to express future. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1919)
subclass of: tense marking particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

tense marking particle
type: Class

modal particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920
version info: TOCHECK: is this definition correct ? Could it be that ModalParticle actually means "VerbalParticle marking mood" ? (Cf. ModalityMarkingAdverb)
comment: Particle which functions as a modal. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1920)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

preverbal particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1455 (preverbalParticleLmf)
subclass of: particle

superlative particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923
comment: Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is implied. (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1923)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

relative particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229
comment: relative particle (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2229)
subclass of: particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

coordination particle
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227
comment: particle for coordination (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2227)
subclass of: particle
subclass of: coordinating conjunction
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES Conjunction with Type="Coordinating". EAGLES' optional CoordType attribute subclassifies coordinating conjunctions, with respect to positional characteristics (repetition/pairing of expressions forming complex conjunctions). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06) CoordType was originally implemented as MorphosyntacticFeature, the new modelling follows the MULTEXT-East ontology (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CoordinatingConjunction_PositionalType)
comment: Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal syntactic importance. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
subclass of: conjunction

interrogative particle
type: Class
version info: TODO: check relationship with interrogative adverb
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921
comment: Particle used to express a question. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1921)
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: particle
  intersection of: question word
subclass of: Particle
version info: subClassOf particle (dcif:isA)

AdjectivalParticle
type: Class
version info: adopted from the EMILLE Urdu tagset (Hardie 2003, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle)
comment: Particle that serves to form adjective phrases, e.g., Urdu sā (http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#AdjectivalParticle)
subclass of: particle

subordinating conjunction
type: Class
subclass of: conjunction
version info: EAGLES Conjunction with Type="Subordinating". The language- (German-) specific EAGLES feature "subord-type" was originally modelled as MorphosyntacticFeature, when integrating the MULTEXT-East ontology, it was remodelled within the taxonomy
comment: Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
version info: Following EAGLES and MULTEXT-East, the subclassification of SubordinatingConjunction reflects constraints on MorphosyntacticFeatures of verbal and nominal arguments of subordinating conjunctions, in these cases verbal inflection (finiteness, negation) and Degree

simple coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction
comment: Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
comment: In the Romanian MTE v4 specs, Conjunction/Coord_Type="simple" is defined in contrast to repetitive and correlative coordinating conjunctions. In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4), e.g., aşa_că, va_să_zică (ro) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SimpleCoordinatingConjunction)
subclass of: coordinating conjunction

correlative coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: coordinating conjunction
comment: Conjunction/Coord_Type="correlat" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CorrelativeCoordinatingConjunction)
comment: When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)

non initial coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: coordinating conjunction
comment: When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)

initial coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
subclass of: coordinating conjunction

repetitive coordinating conjunction
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: coordinating conjunction
comment: Conjunction/Coord_Type="repetit" (Romanian). In Romanian, there are three kinds of conjunctions depending on their usage: as such or together with other conjunctions or adverbs: (1) simple, between conjuncts: Ion ori Maria (John or Mary); (2) repetitive, before each conjunct: fie Ion fie Maria fie... (either John or Mary or...) (3) correlative, before a conjoined phrase, it requires specific coordinators between conjuncts: atât mama cât şi tata (both mother and father). (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#RepetitiveCoordinatingConjunction)

subordinating conjunction with finite clause
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
subclass of: subordinating conjunction

subordinating conjunction with comparative
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
subclass of: subordinating conjunction

subordinating conjunction with infinite
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: subordinating conjunction
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)

subordinating conjunction with negation
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction
subclass of: subordinating conjunction
comment: Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NegativeSubordinatingConjunction)

subordinating conjunction without negation
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction
subclass of: subordinating conjunction
comment: Conjunction/Sub_Type="negative" (Romanian, Serbian, Russian) In Romanian, each conjunction requires another mood, so that the diversity may be controlled by subcategorisation rules. The attribute Sub_Type distinguishes among the positive and negative conjunctions, providing means to control verbal double negation, (as in case of the negative pronouns, determiners and adverbs): nici NU am venit, nimeni NU vorbeşte, nici_un tren N-a trecut, nicăieri N-am văzut (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PositiveSubordinatingConjunction)

NumeralAgreementClass
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has numeral agreement class
  has self: true
subclass of: AgreementFeature

dual quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier
comment: Quantifiers that enforce dual agreement (i.e., as with the numeral "2"). Some feminine and neuter body parts in Czech have preserved dual forms, and if the noun is dual, so are its attributes (adjectives, pronouns). So the agreement of the numeral 2 differs formally from 3-4 (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/16, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier) Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DualQuantifier)
subclass of: NumeralAgreementClass
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: quantifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has numeral agreement class
    some values from: dual quantifier

paucal quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PaucalQuantifier
comment: Quantifiers that enforce paucal agreement. In many Slavic languages, numerals between 2 and 4 (and some quantifiers) involve a specific agreement patterns that is different from that of smaller and greater numbers. In Russian, for example, genitive singular is requires. These numerals and quantifiers with the same characteristics are referred to here as "paucal quantifiers". (cf. David Pesetsky, http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~jtrommer/Harvard/pesetsky.pdf)
subclass of: NumeralAgreementClass
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: quantifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has numeral agreement class
    some values from: paucal quantifier

singular quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SingularQuantifier (MTE v4 Numeral/Class="definite1", http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SingularQuantifier) Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite).
comment: A singular quantifier is a quantifier or a numeral that specifies a single referent from a set. (Chiarcos) In Czech and Slovak MTE v4 specs, the corresponding category Numeral/Class="definite1" is applied to the numeral "one". (MTE v4)
subclass of: NumeralAgreementClass
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: quantifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has numeral agreement class
    some values from: singular quantifier

plural quantifier
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PluralQuantifier Numeral/Class="definite", Numeral/Class="definite1", Numeral/Class="definite234" etc. refer to specific patterns of congruency with Slavic numerals that originate from the difference between Old Slavic singular (definite1), dual (definite2, definite234) and plural (definite).
comment: A PluralQuantifier is a Quantifier (or Numeral) that specifies a large multitude of entities. The agreement pattern of a plural quantifier is different from that or an singular quantifier, but as opposed to DualQuantifier and PaucalQuantifier, PluralQuantifier includes quantifiers that denote arbitrarily large sets of entities. (Chiarcos) The corresponding category in Czech, Polish and Slovak MTE v4 specs is Numeral/Class="definite", that refers to numerals larger than four. (MTE v4)
subclass of: NumeralAgreementClass
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: quantifier
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has numeral agreement class
    some values from: plural quantifier

ProximityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has proximity
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has proximity
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

distal
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticDistalDeterminer
subclass of: ProximityFeature
comment: The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)

proximal
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticProximalDeterminer
subclass of: ProximityFeature
comment: The referent denoted by a distal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English that) is usually spatially more remote or discoursally less salient as compared to a referent denoted by a proximal demonstrative pronoun (e.g., English this) (Chiarcos)

sequel
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with ILPOSTS (for Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel
comment: Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages. No definition or examples provided: Distance=Sequel (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Sequel)
version info: TODO: provide definition
subclass of: ProximityFeature

ClusivityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has clusivity
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has clusivity
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

SpecificityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specificity
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has specificity
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

specific
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CliticSpecificDeterminer
subclass of: SpecificityFeature
comment: "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf)

nonspecific
type: Class
version info: see olia:NonspecificArticle, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun
subclass of: SpecificityFeature
comment: "By ʻspecificʼ and ʻnon-specificʼ I intend the difference between the two readings of English indefinites like (3): (3) Iʼm looking for a deer. In the specific reading there is a particular deer, say Bambi, that I am looking for. In the non-specific reading I will be happy to find any deer. Von Heusinger (2002) likes the test in English of inserting ʻcertainʼ after the ʻaʼ to fix the specific reading. In either reading of (3) a deer is being introduced as a new discourse referent. This is opposed to ʻdefiniteʼ which requires a previous pragmatic instantiation as in ʻIʼm looking for the deer.ʼ In English both the readings of (3) are indefinite. In Klallam, the specific demonstratives are neither definite nor indefinite." (Montler, Timothy. 2007. Klallam demonstratives. Papers ICSNL XLVII. The 42nd International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Language, pp. 409-425. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 20; on specific vs. nonspecific determiners in Klallam, a Salish language, http://montler.net/papers/KlallamDemons.pdf) A nonspecific pronoun refers to an unidentified or general entity (e.g., "I saw *someone*", "I saw *everyone*"). A nonspecific pronoun is not, therefore, a personal pronoun, but an indefinite one. (Andrews 2003). Andrews, Richard J. (2003), Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonspecificPronoun)

NumberFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has number
  has self: true
version info: TODO: extend with TDS numberProperty and GOLD NumberValue
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has number
  has self: true
subclass of: AgreementFeature

multal number
type: Class
comment: Multal is a number property that refers to a large number of individuals.
subclass of: NumberFeature

plural
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: NumberFeature
comment: Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives inflect for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the various Romance languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06)

broken plural
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218
comment: Internal plural that do not have any inflection. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2218)
subclass of: plural
version info: subClassOf plural (dcif:isA)

singular
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: NumberFeature
comment: Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed to the plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular 17.11.06)

count number
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber
subclass of: NumberFeature
comment: MULTEXT-East feature Number="count" (Nouns in Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian), e.g., Bulgarian яка/як, язовира/язовир, яда/яд, юргана/юрган, юбилея/юбилей, ъгъла/ъгъл (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CountNumber)

collective
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1254
version info: rename to CollectiveNumber
comment: A collective number is a number referring to 'a set of things'. Languages that have this feature can use it to get a phrase like 'flock of sheeps' by using 'sheep' in collective number. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1254)
subclass of: NumberFeature
version info: subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)
version info: Normally realized by derivation rather than inflection, unless other evidence is provided, OLiA follows *both* the modelling of EAGLES (Collective rdf:type Number) and the modelling of the MTE ontology (Collective rdf:type MorphologicalDerivation, cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Collective)
subclass of: derivation

dual
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879
comment: Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1879)
subclass of: NumberFeature
version info: subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)

paucal
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350
version info: TODO: rename to PaucalNumber, because of the existence of PaucalQuantifier in MULTEXT-East
comment: Number that specifies 'a few' things. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucal_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1350)
subclass of: NumberFeature
version info: subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)

quadrial
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000
comment: Property related to four elements. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2000)
subclass of: NumberFeature
version info: subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)

trial
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407
comment: Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and 'plural'. (en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_number; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1407)
subclass of: NumberFeature
version info: subClassOf grammaticalNumber (dcif:conceptualDomain)

CoordTypeFeature
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: DEPRECATED: reimplemented as class hierarchy
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has coord type
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

simple
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: CoordTypeFeature
comment: Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)

correlative
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: from EAGLES, reimplemented as subhierarchy of CoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: CoordTypeFeature
comment: When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)

non initial
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES, reimplemented as subhierarchy of CoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: CoordTypeFeature
comment: When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)

initial
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES, reimplemented as subhierarchy of CoordinatingConjunction
comment: When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
subclass of: CoordTypeFeature

SubordTypeFeature
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: reimplemented as concepts
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

with finite
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES, reimplemented within SubordinatingConjunction taxonomy
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
subclass of: SubordTypeFeature

with comparative
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES, reimplemented within SubordinatingConjunction taxonomy
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
subclass of: SubordTypeFeature

with infinite
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: EAGLES, reimplemented within SubordinatingConjunction taxonomy
subclass of: SubordTypeFeature
comment: For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)

ReflexivityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has reflexivity
  has self: true
version info: TODO: integrate with VoiceFeature (as in the TDS Ontology) implementation
subclass of: VoiceFeature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has reflexivity
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

VoiceFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has voice
  has self: true
version info: hierarchically restructured
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has voice
  has self: true
subclass of: SyntacticFeature

non reflexive
type: Class
version info: TODO: remove
subclass of: ReflexivityFeature
comment: A non-reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are not the same. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)

reflexive
type: Class
version info: TODO: integrate with Voice, rename to ReflexiveVoice
subclass of: VoiceFeature
comment: A reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e. g., She threw herself to the floor.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
subclass of: ReflexivityFeature

AspectFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has aspect
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has aspect
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

inchoative
type: Class
comment: Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state.
subclass of: AspectFeature

completive
type: Class
comment: To do something thoroughly and to completion.
subclass of: AspectFeature

simple aspect
type: Class
version info: ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect
version info: TODO: check whether this is properly defined
comment: non-progressive, non-purposive aspect (for Indian languages defined by http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#SimpleAspect)
subclass of: AspectFeature

accomplished
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001
comment: Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state. (SIL; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2001)
label: cessative
subclass of: AspectFeature
version info: subClassOf aspect (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: cessative aspect

continuous aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: Similar to progressive, however an aspect is continuous versus progressive when it is anchored to non-punctual time reference (Salaberry 2002:264). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Continuous)

durative aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: Events which involve some duration (Bhat 1999:58). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Durative)

dynamic aspect
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect
comment: dynamic aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#dynamicityAspect)
subclass of: AspectFeature

frequentive aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: Events which are frequently repeated, differs from habitual in that it can only be based upon the observation of several occurrences of the event concerned, whereas habitual can be based upon the observation of a single occurrence (Bhat 1999: 53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Frequentive)

habitual aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual (as Aspect), http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense (as Tense), modelled as an aspect here (temporally unmarked Habitual should be modelled as NotTemporallyAnchored)
comment: Habitual tense pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense) Refers to the internal temporal contour of a situation — a repeated situation that occupies a large slice of time. Can be based on the observation of a single occurrence. (Bhat 1999:177) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Habitual)
subclass of: AspectFeature

imperfective aspect
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: The Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) The imperfective aspects ... do not view the situation as bounded, but rather as ongoing in either a durative, continuative or habitual sense (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperfectiveAspect) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s lack of attention to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of presentation for states (Michaelis 1998:xiv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Imperfective)

inceptive aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive
comment: InceptiveAspect, also called the ingressive, encodes the beginning portion of some event (Bybee 1985: 147, 149; Payne 1997: 240; Bhat 1999:176). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inceptive)
subclass of: AspectFeature

iterative aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: IterativeAspect, also called repetitives, encodes a number of events of the same type that are repeated on a particular occasion. The time interval which is relevant to the iterative is relatively shorter than in the case of the habitual (Bybee 1985: 150; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127). Portrays events repeated on the same occasion (like the iterative knocking on the door) (Bhat 1999: 53) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Iterative)

perfective aspect
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: The perfective aspects (inceptive, punctual and completive) view the situation as a bounded entity, and often put an emphasis on its beginning or end. (Bybee 1985:21) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#perfectiveAspect) The Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06) A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s willingness to attend to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Perfective aspect is the canonical mode of presentation for events (Michaelis 1998: xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perfective)

phasal aspect
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#phaseAspect, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: A set of aspectual distinctions involving relations between a background situation (the reference situation) and a situation located relative to the reference situation (the denoted situation). In English, phasal distinctions are expressed by auxiliary-headed constructions, like the inceptive, progressive, and perfect constructions, whose head verbs express the aspectual class of the denoted situation. The aspectual class of the denoted situation differs from that of the reference situation (Michaelis 1998:xv). An event may have a beginning and an end, a middle portion (continuing or changing), and also an ensuing result or an altered state. These are considered to be the various “phases‽ of an event. A speaker may talk about an event from the point of view of any of these individual phases, and his language may have inflectional (or other type of) markers for representing these distinctions. Since such markers indicate distinctions in the temporal structure of an event, we may regard them as belonging to the category of aspect. It has been suggested (Dik 1989: 186) that these may be grouped under a subcategory (or “level") of aspect called “phasal aspect". (Bhat 1999:49) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phasal)

point of view aspect
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: point of view aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#viewPointAspect)

progressive aspect
type: Class
subclass of: AspectFeature
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive
comment: ProgressiveAspect, also called the continuative or the durative, encodes a single event as an ongoing process. Thus, states cannot generally be encoded with the progressive (Comrie 1976: 32-35; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127-139; Payne 1997: 240). An exponent of phasal aspect which expresses a stative situation that holds during the time at which an event is occurring (e. g., He is fixing the fence) (Michaelis 1998:xv). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Progressive)

purposive aspect
type: Class
version info: adapted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PurposiveAspect
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: The purposive aspect appears to add the notion of intention or probability, both negative and positive. (Steckley, 2007, p. 14, about Huron) (John Steckley, 2007, Words of the Huron, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press)

quantificational aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#quantitativeAspect
comment: A speaker may report an event as occurring once only (semelfactive) or several times (iterative); he may view it as a specific event or as part of a general habit of carrying out similar events; he may also differentiate between different degrees of frequency with which the event occurs. The markers that a given language provides for one or more of these meaning distinctions can be grouped under a subcategory called “quantificational aspect", as all of them refer to the quantitative aspect of the event concerned (Bhat 1999:53). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Quantificational)
subclass of: AspectFeature

relevance aspect
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect
comment: relevance aspect (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relevanceAspect)
subclass of: AspectFeature

semelfactive aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive
subclass of: AspectFeature
comment: Momentaneous, without an inherent end-point, as sneeze (Michaelis 1998:xvi). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Semelfactive)

terminative aspect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative
comment: Denotes the termination of an event (Bhat 1999: 92). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Terminative)
subclass of: AspectFeature

unaccomplished
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217
comment: aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2217)
subclass of: AspectFeature
version info: subClassOf aspect (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: unaccomplished aspect

AbilitativeMood
type: Class
version info: Adopted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#AbilitativeMood
comment: Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: AbilitativeModality

RelativeMood
type: Class
comment: Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech.
version info: Clarify relationship with DirectSpeech
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: RelativeModality

DebitiveMood
type: Class
comment: Mood to express necessity or requirement
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: DebitiveModality

CausalMood
type: Class
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: CausalModality
version info: Nowak (1996)
comment: In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

DeclarativeMood
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality
comment: Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality) Unlike DeclarativeModality, a DeclarativeMood is morphologically marked.
subclass of: DeclarativeModality
subclass of: MoodFeature

DubitiveMood
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: DubitiveModality
comment: DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive)

HabitualMood
type: Class
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#HabitualMood, I assume that HabitualMood is equivalent with HabitualAspect, hence no corresponding HabitualModality has been introduced
comment: "Habitual" is normally considered to be an aspect. Occasionally, it is, however, also described as a mood, e.g., by Bittner (2008, p. 354) for Kalaalisut (Greenlandic). Maria Bittner (2008), Aspectual universals of temporal anaphora, In: Susan Deborah Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, p. 349-386.
equivalent class: habitual aspect
subclass of: MoodFeature

ImperativeMood
type: Class
comment: Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality)
subclass of: ImperativeModality
subclass of: MoodFeature

JussiveMood
type: Class
version info: postulated by Khoja, S, Garside, R, and Knowles, G (2001) A tagset for the morphosyntactic tagging of Arabic. Paper given at the Corpus Linguistics 2001 conference, Lancaster, http://zeus.cs.pacificu.edu/shereen/CL2001.pdf
subclass of: MoodFeature
comment: The jussive is needed to express a command in the first and third person. This mood is realised in Arabic by rejecting the final vowel and is sometimes called the apocopated imperfect. The purpose of the jussive is to express a command in the first or third person as in ‘heena yahduru yalbas thiyaban nazyfatan’ which means “when he attends, let him (he must) wear clean clothes”, where the jussive is the word ‘yalbas’ “wear”. Also, there is no negative imperative in Arabic, so the negative particle followed by the jussive is used in its place, such as ‘la taktub’ “do not write”, where the jussive is the word ‘taktub’ “write”. Khoja, S, Garside, R, and Knowles, G (2001) A tagset for the morphosyntactic tagging of Arabic. Paper given at the Corpus Linguistics 2001 conference, Lancaster, http://zeus.cs.pacificu.edu/shereen/CL2001.pdf

QuotativeMood
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Quotative, MTE VForm="quotative" (Estonian)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: QuotativeModality
comment: A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ‘Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.’ Ta olevat oma paadiga ümber läinud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)

indicative mood
type: Class
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: DeclarativeModality
version info: TODO: check relationship with DeclarativeMood
comment: The indicative is the unmarked mood. It is used when no special modal nuance in the clause or sentence is intended. It is the default mood of independent declarative and often also of interrogative sentences. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Indikativ 18.06.07) Expression of assertion. (Bybee 1985:22) Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a stated relation of objective fact (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality)
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Indicative, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indicativeModality

optative mood
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#optativeModality
comment: Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: OptativeModality

subjunctive mood
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subjunctive, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subjunctiveModality
comment: The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: SubjunctiveModality

timitive mood
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive
comment: TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: TimitiveModality

irrealis mood
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality
comment: Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: IrrealisModality

presumptive mood
type: Class
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PresumptiveMood) for Indian languages
comment: The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris și pentru noi, Bucuroși le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i război. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
subclass of: PresumptiveModality
subclass of: MoodFeature

conditional
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258
comment: In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
subclass of: MoodFeature
subclass of: ConditionalModality
version info: subClassOf verbFormMood (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: conditional mood

conditional realis mood
type: Class
version info: ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Real is restricted to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
comment: Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
subclass of: ConditionalMood
subclass of: ConditionalRealisModality

conditional irrealis mood
type: Class
version info: ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonReal is restricted to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
comment: Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
subclass of: ConditionalMood
subclass of: ConditionalIrrealisModality

EmphasisFeature
type: Class
version info: in EAGLES and MULTEXT-East restricted to pronouns, in ILPOSTS applicable to many different WordClasses, hence modelled as an independent feature, cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has emphasis
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

emphatic
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with ILPOSTS, cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticPronoun, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941 (emphatic pronoun)
comment: Pronoun marked to show its importance. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1941) In Romanian, the so-called emphatic determiner may accompany both a noun and a personal pronoun: fata *însăşi* (the girl *herself*), also ea *însăşi* (she *herself*). (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer) Emphasis can not only be expressed on nouns and pronouns, but also at verbs, adverbs, adpositions, etc., cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Emphasis
subclass of: EmphasisFeature

non emphatic
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with ILPOSTS, cf. http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticDeterminer, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EmphaticPronoun
comment: In languages where emphasis can be grammatically marked, the unmarked form would be considered NonEmphatic, see #Emphatic
subclass of: EmphasisFeature

third
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Third
comment: Third person is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. For example in English "he", "she", "they" or the third person singular verb suffix -s, e.g. in "He sometimes flies." (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06)
subclass of: PersonFeature

PersonFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has person
  has self: true
subclass of: AgreementFeature

second
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second
comment: Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Second)
subclass of: PersonFeature

first person
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First
comment: First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1288) cf. gold:First: Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/First)
subclass of: PersonFeature
label: first

third proximative
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative, modelled here under Third
subclass of: third
comment: Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdProximative)

first inclusive
type: Class
subclass of: Inclusive
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive, modelled here as subconcept of First
comment: Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstInclusive)
subclass of: first person

third obviative
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative, modelled here as a subconcept of Third
subclass of: third
comment: Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ThirdObviative)

first exclusive
type: Class
subclass of: Exclusive
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive, modelled as a subconcept of First here
subclass of: first person
comment: Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FirstExclusive)

second polite
type: Class
version info: EAGLES PersonalPronoun attribute Politeness="Polite". The EAGLES attribute politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns. In French, for example, it is possible to treat Polite simply as pragmatic values encoded through other attributes - especially person and number. In languages where there are special polite pronoun forms (e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted), the additional Politeness attribute is required. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
comment: In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
subclass of: second

second honorific
type: Class
version info: Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Honorific
version info: TOCHECK: is SecondHonorific different from SecondPolite ?
subclass of: second

second non honorific
type: Class
version info: Adopted from ILPOSTS for Indian languages, http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonHonorific
version info: TOCHECK: is SecondNonHonorific different from SecondFamiliar ?
subclass of: second

second familiar
type: Class
subclass of: second
version info: EAGLES PersonalPronoun attribute Politeness="Familiar". The EAGLES attribute politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
comment: In several European languages exist special forms of pronouns for polite or respectful reference, e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted. The feature SecondFamiliar applies to the corresponding unmarked forms for informal conversiation in such languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)

VisualEvidentiality
type: Class
comment: VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it [Palmer 2001: 57].
subclass of: EvidentialityFeature

OtherSourceEvidentiality
type: Class
comment: An indication that the source of information is someone other than the speaker. [Aikhenvald 2006: 106]
subclass of: EvidentialityFeature

DeductiveEvidentiality
type: Class
comment: DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. [Palmer 2001: 6-8].
subclass of: EvidentialityFeature

feminine
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#feminineGender
subclass of: GenderFeature
comment: Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)

GenderFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has gender
  has self: true
subclass of: AgreementFeature

neuter
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#neuterGender
comment: Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having referents which do not have distinctions of sex, and often includes some which do have a natural sex distinction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm 17.11.06)
subclass of: GenderFeature

masculine
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#masculineGender
comment: Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents that do not have distinctions of sex. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm 17.11.06)
subclass of: GenderFeature

common gender
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: GenderFeature
comment: Common is an optional attribute for nouns in EAGLES. The Common gender contrasts with Neuter in a two-gender system e.g. Danish, Dutch. This value is also used for articles, pronouns and determiners especially for Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)

animate gender
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate
subclass of: GenderFeature
comment: One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings, in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Animate)

inanimate gender
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate
subclass of: GenderFeature
comment: One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inanimate)

VegetableGender
type: Class
comment: Vegetable gender refers to inanimates and exists in some four-way gender systems, e.g., masculine, feminine, neuter, and vegetable as in Bininj Gun-wok [Evans 2003: 202].
subclass of: InanimateGender

TenseFeature
type: Class
version info: Subclassification in absolute, relaive and absolute-relative adopted from TDS. Habitual is modelled here as Aspect, in accordance with GOLD, replaced here by NotTemporallyAnchored. Skipped TDS non-presentTense (= complement of Present), http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonFuture, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonPast, redefined Future and Past as superconcepts to cover different future and past tenses
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has tense
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

not temporally anchored
type: Class
version info: A replacement for TDS Habitual that is modelled here as an Aspect: Habitual tense pertains to verbs which refer to an action that occurs repeatedly. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#habitualTense)
subclass of: TenseFeature
comment: To be used for actions that are not bound to a particular reference point.

relative tense
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense
subclass of: TenseFeature
comment: Relative tense is a tense that refers to a time in relation to a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter’s temporal relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisrelativetense.htm)

absolute tense
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense
comment: Absolute tense refers to a time in relation to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsolutetense.htm")
subclass of: TenseFeature

absolute-relative tense
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense
subclass of: TenseFeature
comment: Absolute-relative tense is a tense that (i) refers to a time in relation to a temporal reference point that, in turn, is referred to in relation to the moment of utterance (ii) in which the time and the reference point are not identical, and (iii) the reference point and the moment of utterance are not identical. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteRelativeTense with reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsoluterelativetense.htm)
label: absolute relative tense

Past perfect
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348
comment: Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastPerfectTense.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348)
comment: denoting a tense of verbs used in relating past events where the action had already occurred at the time of the action of a main verb that is itself in a past tense. In English this is a compound tense formed with had plus the past participle (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=past+perfect; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1348)
subclass of: absolute-relative tense
label: past perfect tense

Perfect
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351, modelled as an absolute tense here
comment: A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three English tenses. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1351)
subclass of: absolute tense
label: perfect

present
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense
subclass of: absolute tense
comment: Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense) Present tense refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or states that do not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous, habitual, or lawlike. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm 17.11.06)

Transgressive
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404
comment: present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read the book after he had sat down. (ark.wz.cz/cidarke/mverb.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1404)
subclass of: present
label: transgressive

future
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future
subclass of: absolute tense
comment: The future tense refers to events that have yet to happen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future 17.11.06) The future tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the future. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#futureTense) FutureTense locates the situation in question later than the present moment (time of speaking.) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future)

past
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense
comment: The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06) The past tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the past. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense)
subclass of: absolute tense

aorist
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240
comment: Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions. (www.helsinki.fi/~bontchev/grammar/index.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1240)
subclass of: past

remote past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast, classified as absolute-relative here
comment: RemotePastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, usually more than a few days ago (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:88). Subsumes notion of PreHesternalPast tense, which locates the situation in question before that of an opposing hesternal past tense. (Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemotePast)
subclass of: past

future in past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast, classified as absolute-relative tense here
subclass of: absolute-relative tense
comment: FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInPast)

hodiernal past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast, classified as Past here
comment: HodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:125-126). Contrasts with PreHodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalPast)
subclass of: past

close future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/CloseFuture, classified as AbsoluteTense here
comment: Adopted from GOLD. No definition given.
subclass of: absolute tense

pluperfect tense
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast, classified as absolute-relative tense here.
subclass of: absolute-relative tense
comment: PastInPast tense locates the situation in question prior to a reference time in the past. Also known as PluperfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInPast)

future perfect
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292
comment: RelativeFutureTense locates the situation in question after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance. Also called FuturePerfectTense (Comrie 1985:69-71). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativeFuture) A verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. Translation into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292) A tense of verbs describing an action that will have been performed by a certain time. In English this is formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=future+perfect; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1292)
subclass of: relative tense

hesternal past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast, classified as Past here
subclass of: past
comment: HesternalPastTense locates the situation in question somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as 'yesterday' and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote (Comrie 1985:87-88; Dahl 1985:126). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HesternalPast)

hodiernal future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture, classified as Future here
comment: HodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985: 86; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/HodiernalFuture)
subclass of: future

post hodiernal future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture, classified as Future here
subclass of: future
comment: PostHodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the span that is culturally defined as 'today' (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PostHodiernalFuture)

future in future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture, classified as absolute-relative tense here.
subclass of: absolute-relative tense
comment: FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of utterance. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FutureInFuture)

remote future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture, classified as Future here
subclass of: future
comment: RemoteFutureTense locates the situation in question at a time that is considered relatively distant. It is characteristically after the span of time culturally defined as 'tomorrow' (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RemoteFuture)

relative past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast
subclass of: relative tense
comment: RelativePastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 104). Also called PastPerfectTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePast)

immediate past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast, classified as Past here
comment: ImmediatePastTense locates the situation in question at a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 87). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediatePast)
subclass of: past

relative present
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent
comment: RelativePresentTense locates the situation in question simultaneously with some contextually determined temporal reference point. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RelativePresent)
subclass of: relative tense

still present
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent
subclass of: past
comment: StillPresentTense is similar to PresentTense but carries the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance. In positive declarative clauses, still present tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 54; named changed from 'StillTense'). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/StillPresent)

imperfect
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304
comment: Verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1304)
subclass of: still present
version info: subClassOf grammaticalTense (dcif:conceptualDomain)

past in future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PastInFuture
subclass of: absolute-relative tense
comment: Locates the situation in question in the future, prior to a reference time in the future.

near future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture, classified as Future here
comment: adopted from GOLD, no definition given there (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NearFuture)
subclass of: future

pre hodiernal past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast, classified as absolute tense
subclass of: absolute tense
comment: PreHodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contrasting HodiernalPastTense. According to Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98. this category must be defined relative to a HodiernalPastTense. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PreHodiernalPast)

simple past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past
comment: PastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time (Comrie 1985). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
subclass of: past

simple future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Future, cf. http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past
comment: FutureTense locates the situation in question after the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time. (adapted from the definition of http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Past)
subclass of: future

immediate future
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture
subclass of: future
comment: ImmediateFutureTense, also called 'close future', locates the situation in question shortly after the moment of utterance (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 244-245). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImmediateFuture)

recent past
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast
comment: RecentPastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, but by culturally and situationally defined criteria, usually within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:121-122). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/RecentPast)
subclass of: past

superlative
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1422
comment: The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative 17.11.06)
subclass of: DegreeFeature

DegreeFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has degree
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

positive
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420
comment: Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1420) The Positive is the form of an adjective or adverb on which comparative and superlative are formed. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive 17.11.06)
subclass of: DegreeFeature

comparative
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1421
comment: The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. In English the structure of a comparative consists normally of the positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix -er, or (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or "less") before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed by "than" and the noun which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller than his father is", or "the village is less picturesque than the town near by is". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06)
subclass of: DegreeFeature

PlaceNoun
type: Class
comment: noun expressing a location, equivalent to ProperNoun and hasSemanticRole some LocationRole
deprecated: true
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: proper noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: location role
subclass of: proper noun

InstrumentNoun
type: Class
comment: noun expressing an instrument of the action
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated, as merely a shorthand for Noun and hasSemanticRole some InstrumentRole
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: instrument role

IntensiveNoun
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated, as merely a shorthand for CommonNoun and hasEmphasis some Emphatic
comment: noun that emphasizes another noun
subclass of: CommonNoun
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: common noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has emphasis
    some values from: emphatic

TimeNoun
type: Class
comment: noun expressing time
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated, as merely a shorthand for Noun and hasSemanticRole some TimeRole
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: time role

OnceNoun
type: Class
comment: noun conveying the meaning that the action is performed once
deprecated: true
version info: onceNoun [DC-3853] ``noun conveying the meaning that the action is performed once''. Clearly, this noun carries a meaning that is closely related to aspect information (e.g., SemelfactiveAspect), but as aspect is a verb-centered concept, it would have been counter-intuitive to model this as Noun and hasAspect some SemelfactiveAspect. Hence, this concept is directly adopted in the OLiA Reference Model, but marked as deprecated until an ontologically satisfying modeling of aspect-related features of nouns has been achieved.
subclass of: CommonNoun

manner noun
type: Class
deprecated: true
version info: deprecated, as merely a shorthand for CommonNoun and hasSemanticRole some MannerRole
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: common noun
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has semantic role
    some values from: manner role
comment: noun expressing a manner

ElativeNoun
type: Class
comment: noun to express both comparative and superlative
subclass of: common noun
subclass of: elative degree
version info: added in compliance with ISOcat

elative degree
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElativeDegree, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1276, note that the latter conflates ElativeDegree and ElativeCase
comment: MULTEXT-East Degree="elative" (Adjective: Resian, Serbian, Macedonian) In Semitic languages, ElativeDegree refers to the “adjective of superiority.” In some languages such as Arabic, the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.” The elative of كبير (kabí:r, "big") is أكبر (’ákbar, “bigger/biggest”, “greater/greatest”). (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elative) In Slavic languages, as well, it is pretty standard. I do agree with the definition though, that "the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”" So, Slovene "lep" is beautiful, "prelep" is very (or supremely) beautiful; I guess the "pre-" prefix could be roughly translated as "over-". Used in Resian, Serbian, Macedonian. In Slovenian, we banished it, as even "ordinary" degrees are borderline inflection / derivation, but, I think, elative is is definitely not inflection. (Tomaž Erjavec, email 2010/06/21)
comment: e.g., predivan, prekasan, premanjeg/premali, premanjega/premali, premanjem/premali, premanjemu/premali, premanji/premali (sr)
comment: e.g., прешпионска/шпионски, прешпионскава/шпионски, прешпионскана/шпионски, прешпионската/шпионски, прешпионски/шпионски, прешпионскиве/шпионски, прешпионскине/шпионски, прешпионскиов/шпионски, прешпионскион/шпионски (mk)
subclass of: DegreeFeature

CaseFeature
type: Class
version info: Skipped EAGLES case feature values Uninflected (uninformative), and NonGenitive (= complement of Genitive). As for TDS case feature values, only "grammaticalCase" has been adopted. As for GOLD case feature values, everything has been adopted, although it seems that some of these cases are actually semantic (theta) roles, i.e., "case" in the sense of Fillmore (1966), e.g., BenefactiveCase.
version info: TODO: rename all subconcepts to ...Case
version info: Note that also Indian case markers were included here (ILPOSTS). These are described differently, either as postpositions or as grammatical cases.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has case
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

ObjectiveCase
type: Class
comment: Case used to express the direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, object complement and subject of an infinitive.
subclass of: CaseFeature

AversiveCase
type: Class
comment: AversiveCase expresses fear or is literally translated as 'turning from' in some languages [Blake 2001: 156].
subclass of: CaseFeature

factive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase
comment: case category of the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., amilyenné/amilyen, azzá/az, erőddé/erő, jelmezeivé/jelmez, jelükké/jel, kevéssé/kevés, Kissé/Kiss, legjelentéktelenebbekké/jelentéktelen (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FactiveCase)
subclass of: CaseFeature

distributive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: The distributive case is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each, e.g., Hungarian egyenként/egy, hetenként/hét, ilyenként/ily, kéthetenként/kéthét, rekordonként/rekord, tömbönként/tömb, vércsoportonként/vércsoport In Hungarian it is -nként and expresses the manner when something happens to each member of a set one by one (e.g., fejenként "per head", esetenként "in some case"), or the frequency in time (hetenként "once a week", tízpercenként "every ten minutes"). In the Finnish language, this adverb type is rare, even rarer in the singular. Its ending is -ttain/-ttäin. The basic meaning is "separately for each". For example, maa ("country") becomes maittain for an expression like Laki ratifioidaan maittain ("The law is ratified separately in each country"). It can be used to distribute the action to frequent points in time, e.g., päivä (day) has the plural distributive päivittäin (each day). It can mean also "in (or with) regard to the (cultural) perspective" when combined with a word referring to an inhabitant (-lais-). Frequently Finns (suomalaiset) say that suomalaisittain tuntuu oudolta, että, or "in the Finnish perspective, it feels strange that". (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DistributiveCase, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_case)

abessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1223
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35; Gove, et al. 1966: 3). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Abessive)

ablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224
comment: Case used to indicate locative or instrumental function. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1224) AblativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Ablative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

absolutive case
type: Class
version info: TDS Ontology, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1225
comment: Absolutive case marks the first argument of an intransitive verb and the second argument of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absolutiveCase)
subclass of: CaseFeature

accusative
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: In nominative-accusative languages, accusative case marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm 17.11.06)

adessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1228
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' (Crystal 1997: 8). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Adessive)

aditive case
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to AdditiveCase
subclass of: CaseFeature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229
comment: Case expressing "to" in Basque studies. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1229)

allative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1236
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966: 55,2359). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Allative)

benefactive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1247
comment: BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al. 1966: 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Benefactive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

causative case
type: Class
comment: Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1253
subclass of: CaseFeature

comitative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1255
comment: ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

contablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative
comment: ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from near which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contablative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

contallative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative
comment: ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contallative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

conterminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative
comment: ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Conterminative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

contlative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative
comment: ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the vicinity of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Contlative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

dative case
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: Dative case marks indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist), or nouns having the role of a recipient (as of things given), a beneficiary of an action, or a possessor of an item. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
subclass of: CaseFeature

delative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1268
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53; Gove, et al. 1966: 595). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Delative)

elative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1276, note that the latter conflates ElativeDegree and ElativeCase
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' (Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106; Gove, et al. 1966: 730). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Elative)

equative case
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279
comment: Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1279)
subclass of: CaseFeature

ergative case
type: Class
version info: TDS Ontology
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: In ergative-absolutive languages, the ergative case identifies the subject of a transitive verb. In such languages, the ergative case is typically marked (most salient), while the absolutive case is unmarked. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#ergativeCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case).

essive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1281
comment: EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at which another referent exists (Lyons 1968: 299,301; Gove, et al. 1966: 778; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 1994: 154-5). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Essive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

essive formal case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#EssiveFormalCase
comment: The Hungarian "formativus, or essivus-formalis `-ként' ... usually expresses a position, task and manner of the person or the thing." (Nose 2003), e.g., Hungarian 'katonaként' -> [serves] as a soldier. (Csaba Oravecz, email 2010/06/15) "Haspelmath & Buchholz (1998:321) explained the function of the essive case as ``role phrases''. Role phrases represent the role of the function in which a participant appears. They regard the role phrases as adverbial." (Nose 2003, p. 117) In the Hungarian language this case combines the Essive case and the Formal case, and it can express the position, task, state (e.g. "as a tourist"), or the manner (e.g. "like a hunted animal"). The status of the suffix -ként in the declension system is disputed for several reasons. First, in general, Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word-final, while -ként permits further suffixation by the locative suffix -i. Second, most Hungarian case endings participate in vowel harmony, while -ként does not. For these reasons, many modern analyses of the Hungarian case system, starting with László Antal's "A magyar esetrendszer" (1961) do not consider the essive/formal to be a case. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essive-formal_case) cf. Masahiko Nose (2003), Adverbial Usage of the Hungarian Essive Case
subclass of: CaseFeature

direct case
type: Class
subclass of: CaseFeature
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase
comment: In the Romanian case system the value 'direct' conflates 'nominative' and 'accusative', e.g., -acea/acel, -aceasta/acesta, -această/acest (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DirectCase)

genitive case
type: Class
subclass of: CaseFeature
version info: EAGLES-recommended case feature
comment: Genitive case signals that the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm 17.11.06)

formal case
type: Class
subclass of: CaseFeature
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase
comment: In Hungarian, `essive-formal' is in some descriptions simply called `formal', with the affix _-képp(en)_ and meaning (`in the form of ...', they probably meant when they came up with the term). In the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, essive-formal and formal are distinguished. (Ivan A. Derzhanski, email 2010/06/15, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FormalCase)

multiplicative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: A case used in the Hungarian MULTEXT-East scheme, e.g., tizennegyedszer/tizennegyed, tucatszor/tucat, tízezredszer/tízezred (hu) (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#MultiplicativeCase)
comment: The multiplicative case is a grammatical case used for marking a number of something ("three times"). The case is found in the Hungarian language, for example nyolc (eight), nyolcszor (eight times). The case appears also in Finnish as an adverbial (adverb-forming) case. Used with a cardinal number it denotes the number of actions; for example, viisi (five) -> viidesti (five times). Used with adjectives it refers to the mean of the action, corresponding the English suffix -ly: kaunis (beautiful) -> kauniisti (beautifully). It is also used with a small number of nouns: leikki (play) -> leikisti (just kidding, not really). In addition, it acts as an intensifier when used with a swearword: piru -> pirusti. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_case)

temporalis case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#TemporalisCase
comment: The so-called Temporalis Case is formed in Hungarian with -kor. Expresses a point of time or a period. (http://member.melbpc.org.au/~tmajlath/form-suffix.html)
subclass of: CaseFeature

illative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1303
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1126; Crystal 1985: 152). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Illative)

inablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inablative)

inallative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inallative)

inessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1311
comment: InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1156; Crystal 1985: 156). X in Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Inessive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

instrumental case
type: Class
version info: TDS Ontology, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#instrumentalCase-grammatical; GOLD, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1316
comment: InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Instrumental)
subclass of: CaseFeature

interablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from inbetween'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interablative)

interallative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative
comment: InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interallative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

interessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive
comment: InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interessive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

interlative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interlative)

interminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: 'into in(side of)'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)

interterminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Interminative)

intertranslative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative
comment: IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intertranslative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

intranslative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Intranslative)

lative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1323
comment: LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121; Gove, et al. 1966: 1277). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Lative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

locational case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational
comment: Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a location. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Locational)
subclass of: CaseFeature

locative case
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326)

malefactive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive
comment: Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in the clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Malefactive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

nominative
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: In nominative-accusative languages, nominative case marks clausal subjects and is applies to nouns in isolation. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
subclass of: CaseFeature

oblique case
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336; in EAGLES applied to non-subject pronouns in English and Dutch
comment: Case that is used when a noun is the object of a verb or a proposition, except for nominative and vocative case. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1336)
subclass of: CaseFeature

partitive case
type: Class
version info: TDS ontology; http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2003
comment: The partitive case is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity". (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#partitiveCase with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitive) PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966: 1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Partitive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

perlative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative
comment: PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked (Blake 1998: 38, 203). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Perlative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

possessed case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Possessed)

prepositional case
type: Class
version info: Prepositional case is an in EAGLES optional value of CaseFeature for Spanish pronouns and determiners. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2v 15.11.06)
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: In many grammars, the term "prepositional case" is to refer to case marking that only occurs in combination with prepositions. Normally, this is an oblique case, e.g., the Russian 6th case, also referred to as "locative". (Ch. Chiarcos)

prolative case
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368
comment: Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of time needed for an event. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1368)
subclass of: CaseFeature

proprietive case
type: Class
version info: TDS Ontology, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical
comment: Proprietive case marks a possessional relation, i.e. 'having' something. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#proprietiveCase-grammatical)
subclass of: CaseFeature

purposive case
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with the ILPOSTS tagset for a case marker (postposition) in Indian languages, cf. http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PurposiveCase
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: Purposive marks the goal of an activity, e.g., 'going out FOR (i.e. to catch) KANGAROOS'; 'call them FOR (i.e. to eat) FOOD'. The common purposive suffix -gu is a recurrent suffix on verbs ... The purposive case suffix is often used on a nominalised clause (and this may possibly be the origin of the verbal purposive). (Dixon 2002, p.134, on purposive case in [several] Australian languages) R.M.W. Dixon (2002), Australian Languages. CUP, Cambridge

sociative case
type: Class
version info: adopted from http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388
version info: TODO: check whether this is really different from comitative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1388)

subablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative
comment: SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subablative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

suballative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Suballative)

subessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subessive)

sublative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1392
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SublativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent is moving toward. It has the meaning 'towards the underneath of'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Sublative)

subterminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative
comment: SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subterminative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

subtranslative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative
comment: SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subtranslative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

superablative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superablative)

superallative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative
comment: SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superallative)
subclass of: CaseFeature

superessive case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1396
comment: SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207, Gove, et al. 1966: 2293). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superessive)
subclass of: CaseFeature

superlative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superlative)

superterminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Superterminative)

supertranslative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Supertranslative)

terminative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401
comment: Case that indicates to what or where something ends. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1401) TerminativeCase expresses the notion of something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/TerminativeCase)
subclass of: CaseFeature

translative case
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1406
subclass of: CaseFeature
comment: TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301, Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across Y. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Translative)

vocative case
type: Class
version info: EAGLES-recommended case feature
comment: Vocative case marks a noun whose referent is being addressed. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVocativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
subclass of: CaseFeature

DefinitenessFeature
type: Class
version info: Skipped EAGLES "Unmarked" definiteness that was only introduced "to handle the suffixed definite article in Danish: e.g. "haven" (`the garden'); "havet" (`the sea')." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2 16.11.06)
version info: TODO: use this property to define Definite/IndefiniteArticle
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has definiteness
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

definite
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004
comment: Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2004) An entity is specified as definite when it refers to a particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#definite) Definite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
subclass of: DefinitenessFeature
subclass of: definiteness

StatusConstructus
type: Class
comment: morphological form of the nominal head of noun+noun-phrases which in spite of a missing determiner (article) is invariably understood as semantically determined. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2997) The construct state or status constructus is a noun form occurring in Afro-Asiatic languages. It is particularly common in Semitic languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac), in the Berber languages, and in the extinct Egyptian language. ... In Semitic languages, nouns are placed in the construct state when they are semantically definite and modified by another noun in a genitive construction. Note that this differs from the genitive case of European languages in that it is the head (modified) noun rather than the dependent (modifying) noun which is marked. However, in Semitic languages with grammatical case (e.g. Classical Arabic), the modifying noun in a genitive construction is placed in the genitive case, in addition to marking the head noun with the construct state. ... The construct state is one of the three grammatical states of nouns in Arabic, the other two being the indefinite state and the definite state. ... (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_state)
version info: According to the Arabic usage of this category, modeled here as a DefinitenessFeature, though not directly a subconcept of definite, because it has other functions in other languages.
subclass of: DefinitenessFeature

indefinite
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite
comment: An entity is specified as indefinite when it refers to a non-particularized individual of the species denoted by the noun. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#indefinite) Indefinite noun phrases are used to refer to entities which are not specific and identifiable in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
subclass of: DefinitenessFeature
subclass of: definiteness

has definiteness
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: DefinitenessFeature
sub property of: has semantic feature

has emphasis
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: EmphasisFeature

has proximity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ProximityFeature

has clusivity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ClusivityFeature

has specificity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: SpecificityFeature

has child
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasTarget
comment: In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target.

has parent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: In hierarchical relations, the parent is modelled as source, the child as target.
sub property of: hasSource

has degree
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: adjective
  union of: adverb
sub property of: hasFeature
range: DegreeFeature

has number
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: Class
  union of: noun
  union of: adjective
  union of: verb
  union of: pronoun or determiner
  union of: article
  union of: numeral
  union of: residual
range: NumberFeature

owned number
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has number
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1930
comment: Indication concerning the number of the possessed thing. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1930)
range: NumberFeature
label: has owned number

owner number
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
version info: EAGLES feature for the inherent plural/singular of possessive pronouns and possessive determiners; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1417, does not entail hasNumber (against hasOwnedNumber), because hasNumber applies to agreement information
comment: The EAGLES-recommended attribute Possessive accounts for the fact that a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner may have two different numbers. This attribute handles the number which is inherent to the possessive form (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(la) nostra" as first-person singular and first-person plural) as contrasted with the number it has by virtue of agreeing with a particular noun (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(le) mie)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recc 20.11.06) Indication concerning the number of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1417) Inherent plural or singular of possessive pronouns and possessive determiners.
label: has owner number

subject number
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has number
version info: introduced for double agreement of transitive verbs, e.g., in Hungarian, see http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FirstSgSecondSg
comment: Number of the subject of a transitive verb. (By default, this is the meaning of hasNumber).
domain: Class
  intersection of: verb
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has syntactic valency
    some values from: transitive
range: NumberFeature
label: has subject number

has object number
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
version info: introduced for double agreement of transitive verbs, e.g., in Hungarian, see http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#FirstSgSecondSg
comment: Number of the object of a transitive verb. (Note that this does not entail of hasNumber).
domain: Class
  intersection of: verb
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has syntactic valency
    some values from: transitive
range: NumberFeature

has subord type
type: ObjectProperty
deprecated: true
version info: remodelled within the hierarchy
domain: subordinating conjunction
sub property of: hasFeature

has reflexivity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: verb
range: ReflexivityFeature

has tense
type: ObjectProperty
domain: verb
sub property of: hasFeature
range: TenseFeature

has coord type
type: ObjectProperty
domain: coordinating conjunction
sub property of: hasFeature
range: CoordTypeFeature

has evidentiality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: EvidentialityFeature

EvidentialityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has gender
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphosyntacticFeature

has gender
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: Class
  union of: noun
  union of: verb
  union of: adjective
  union of: pronoun or determiner
  union of: article
  union of: numeral
  union of: residual
range: GenderFeature

owner gender
type: ObjectProperty
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1416
comment: Indication concerning the gender of the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1416)
sub property of: hasFeature
range: GenderFeature
label: has owner gender

has case
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: Class
  union of: noun
  union of: pronoun or determiner
  union of: adjective
  union of: numeral
  union of: article
range: CaseFeature

has person
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: Class
  union of: verb
  union of: pronoun or determiner
range: PersonFeature

subject person
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has person
domain: verb
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2278 (subject person)
comment: person for the subject of the verb (in languages with double congruency) (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2278)
label: has subject person

object person
type: ObjectProperty
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2279
comment: person for the object of the verb (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2279)
domain: verb
sub property of: hasFeature
range: PersonFeature
label: has object person

owner person
type: ObjectProperty
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1929
comment: Indication concerning the person that ownes something. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1929)
sub property of: hasFeature
range: PersonFeature
version info: does not entail hasPerson: hasPerson pertains to agreement
label: has owner person

has mood
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasModality
range: MoodFeature

has aspect
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: verb
range: AspectFeature

has numeral agreement class
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: quantifier
range: NumeralAgreementClass

SyntacticRelation
type: Class
version info: TODO: check TDS and GOLD
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has parent
    cardinality: 1
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has child
    cardinality: 1
subclass of: LinguisticConcept

has conjunct
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CoordinatingConjunction_ConjunctType
subclass of: SyntacticRelation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has parent
  some values from: coordinating conjunction

has sentence conjunct
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#SentenceCoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: has conjunct
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has child
  some values from: Class
    union of: sentence
    union of: clause

sentence
type: Class
version info: EAGLES category Sentence (S), http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/OrthographicSentence
subclass of: Constituent
version info: TODO: model Sentence as separate concept indepdendently from Constituent (cf. TüBa-DZ "Root"). But what would be an appropriate name for that ?
comment: The maximal, syntactically independent, segments into which a text is subdivided, for parsing purposes, are normally considered to be sentences. In a written text, they are typically (though by no means invariably) delimited by an initial capital letter and a final full stop (`.') or other terminal punctuation. It is convenient to accept this primary orthographic definition of `sentence' for the purposes of syntactic annotation. However, a sentence, so defined, may be either a full sentence (9) or a `grammatically incomplete' one (10). (9) [S This is a sentence. S] (10) [S Well done. S] The same applies to sentences included within other sentences, as in (11) (11) [S [S ``Well done'', S] she said. S] } ``Well done'' in 11 is labelled as a sentence, since it clearly has an independent syntactic status equivalent to those of 9, even though it is included in another sentence. This inclusion of one independent sentence within another is found both with reported speech and elsewhere. Phenomena such as those illustrated in 10 are by no means exceptional in text corpora. In transcriptions of spoken discourse, there is no simple answer to the question ``What is a sentence?''. Some transcriptions, based on standard orthography, yield de facto sentences in the form of units beginning with a capital letter and closing with a terminal punctuation mark. For these, there is no problem in recognising the primary sentential segments and delimiting them by [S ... S], even though these segments frequently lack the canonical structure of a complete written sentence. Moreover, even in other transcriptions, where the standard orthographic practices of sentence delimitation are avoided, it is possible to identify `primary segments' analogous to the written sentence, viz. the primary units into which the transcribed discourse is divided for parsing purposes. For spoken as well as written language, then, the [S] unit may be retained, although it may be interpreted differently, and some oth…
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: introduced to account for SemDok SententialDiscourseSegment

clause
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Clause
comment: Clause is the class of constructions that form minimal sentential units. They must include a predicate, all arguments of the predicate, and all modifiers of the predicate and the arguments. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Clause)
comment: Traditionally sentences are deemed to be composed of major constituents known as clauses, which may be main clauses (not included in a superordinate clause) or embedded clauses (included in a superordinate clause) such as relative clauses or adverbial clauses. A main clause, unless it is coordinated, is equivalent to a simple sentence, and does not need to be separately labelled. Embedded and coordinated clauses, on the other hand, will need to be separately identified. We recommend that such units be identified in the annotation, and labelled either as sentences (S) or as clauses (CL), according to the preference specified in the annotation scheme. The reason for allowing choice here is that different theoretical preferences have to be accommodated. In some syntactic models, the `clause' category is not used (except informally), embedded clauses being marked by included [S] constituents. In other models, clauses are identified as such, even where they are coextensive with an independent sentence. One solution which commends itself (and is employed in the Lancaster Treebank and the SUSANNE Corpus) is to retain [S ... S] as the delimiter of sentences, whether included or not, and also to use [S ... S] for the coordinated parts of a compound sentence; but to use `clause' labels for subordinate clauses. An example which illustrates this division is 12: (12) [S [S The distinction at issue is relatively clear S] , but [S closer examination reveals [CL that all is not quite so straightforward [CL as it seems CL] CL] S] . S] Embedded (subordinate) clauses are generally identified by some sign of their dependence on the superordinate clause or sentence, such as an introductory conjunction or a non-finite verb form. It is noticeable that the coordinated parts of the compound sentence do not have to be clause-like units with subjects and verbs, and to this extent [CL] would be a misleading label to apply to them. This is true, in 13, of so far so good in: (13) [S [S So far so…
subclass of: Constituent

has word conjunct
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#WordCoordinatingConjunction
subclass of: has conjunct
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has child
  some values from: token

adjunction
type: Class
version info: PTB Bracketing Guidelines, Santorini (1991)
comment: The term \adjunction structure" refers to structures which would be represented by tree diagrams of the general form in (@9). The defining characteristic of adjunction structures is that a node X dominates another instance of X. (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction

apposition
type: Class
comment: Apposition is a relation between two phrases: (1) the nucleus phrase and (2) an appositive phrase, generally set o by punctuation, which modi es the nucleus phrase. An example of apposition is given in (@11). (11) Ryukichi Imai, Japan’s ambassador to Mexico, agrees that Mexico may be too eager. Here, Ryukichi Imai is the nucleus phrase, and the phrase enclosed in commas, Japan’s ambassador to Mexico, is the appositive. Instances of apposition should be represented as adjunction structures (see Section 3.1). (Santorini 1991)
version info: added in accordance with TIGER, definition according to PTB Bracketing Guidelines (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: adjunction

word order inverse
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
comment: SINV|Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the verb. See Section 5.19. (Santorini 1991) The SINV label is used for subject-auxiliary inversion in the case of negative inversion, conditional inversion, locative inversion, and some topicalizations. ... SINV â ´ Inverted declarative sentence, i.e. one in which the subject follows the tensed verb or modal. (Bies et al. 1995)

WHcleft
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: subordinate clause
comment: Wh-clefts are constructions in which a wh-clause functions as the subject of a sentence. A simple example is What matters is the price. Here, the wh-clause What matters is the subject, and is the price is the predicate. The internal structure of the subject is: (NP (SBAR (WHNP what) (S (NP T) (VP matters)))) (Santorini 1991)

it cleft
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
comment: -CLF (cleft) — marks it-clefts (“true” clefts) and may be added to the labels S, SINV, or SQ. See section 16 [Clefts]. (SQ-CLF Was (NP-SBJ it) (NP-PRD (NP John's) car) (SBAR (WHNP-6 0) (S (NP-SBJ you) (VP borrowed (NP *T*-6)))) ?) (Bies et al. 1995) S-CLF (it-cleft or “true” cleft) Declarative it-clefts are labeled S-CLF, expletive it is tagged as the surface subject (-SBJ), the SBAR is attached at VP-level, and a trace is coindexed to the wh-complementizer of the clefted portion. (See section 16 [Clefts] for more information.) (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction

extraposition
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction
comment: *EXP* — Expletive (extraposition) ... In cases where a clausal subject has been extraposed and replaced by an expletive it, we use a type of pseudo-attach called *EXP*. (In the small ATIS sample included with this release, it is also used for existential there.) Use of *EXP*-attach is discussed in more detail in section 17 [It-Extraposition]. (S (NP-SBJ (NP It) (SBAR *EXP*-1)) (VP is (ADJP-PRD clear) (PP to (NP me)) (SBAR-1 that (S (NP-SBJ this message) (VP is (ADJP-PRD unclear)))))) (Bies et al. 1995)

fronting
type: Class
version info: T-CODEX (Petrova 2008, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#InitionalPosition)
comment: Expression occurs at the left periphery of the sentence. This includes various noncanonical and canonical word order possibilities. (Note that it is not restricted here to noncanonical word order; for noncanonical fronting see subconcepts, e.g., Topicalization.) (Chiarcos)
subclass of: SyntacticConstruction

topicalization
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
subclass of: fronting
comment: Topicalization structures are ones where a non-subject immediately precedes a subject, which immediately precedes the verb/auxiliary of the sentence. Two examples: Pizza, John likes. Tomorrow, I will go to the store. Such examples should be bracketed as adjunction structures. (Santorini 1991) -TPC (“topicalized”) — marks elements that appear before the subject in a declarative sentence, but in two cases only: (i) if the fronted element is associated with a *T* in the position of the gap. (ii) if the fronted element is left-dislocated (i.e., it is associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap). (See the section on fronted elements in section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements and the section on *T* with fronted elements in section 4 [Null Elements] for more details on the distribution of *T*.) (Bies et al. 1995) Fronted elements are placed inside the top clause level (e.g. S, SINV, SQ, SBAR). (Only certain fronted elements are tagged -TPC: (i) constituents associated with a *T* in the position of the gap and (ii) left-dislocated constituents (those associated with a resumptive pronoun in the position of the gap).) (See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure] for more details on the treatment of fronted elements.) (Bies et al. 1995)

hanging topic
type: Class
subclass of: fronting
version info: http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic
comment: HangingTopic constructions are closely related to LeftDislocation. Unlike LeftDislocation, the dislocated element and its resuming pronoun do not necessarily agree in case, number and gender. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#HangingTopic)

trace
type: Class
subclass of: NullElement
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
comment: T|Trace. Marks the position where a fronted wh-constituent is interpreted. ... T marks the spot where an argument NP that has been moved by wh-movement or relative clause formation is interpreted. For instance, the relative clause the man that I saw should be bracketed as follows, by analogy to the corresponding simple declarative I saw the man. (NP (NP the man) (SBAR that (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) T is also used to represent the empty subjects of as-clauses. (Santorini 1991) *T* â ´ trace of Aâ ²-movement (Bies et al. 1995)

zero pronoun
type: Class
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995; often considered as extremely weak form of personal pronouns (Ariel 1990; Givón 1995)
comment: *|An asterisk represents a zero pronoun; it may need to be deleted. ... * is used to represent the empty subject of gerunds, imperatives and to-infinitive clauses. (Santorini 1991) (NP *) â ´ arbitrary PRO, controlled PRO, and trace of A-movement (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: NullElement
subclass of: irreflexive personal pronoun

zero complementizer
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: NullElement
subclass of: subordinating conjunction
comment: 0|Zero represents a zero complementizer (= subordinating conjunction); it may need to be deleted. The zero complementizer is generally the counterpart of the overt complementizer that. Example: Iâ ¹m sure 0 heâ ¹ll be here any minute. ... 0 stands in for overt subordinating conjunctions like that in tensed subordinate clauses, including relative clauses. So the relative clause the man I saw should be bracketed as follows: (NP (NP the man) (SBAR 0 (S (NP I) (VP saw) (NP T))))) (Santorini 1991)

omitted unit
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: NullElement
comment: *U* â ´ unit ... This element marks the interpreted position of a unit symbol, such as $, # (British pounds), FFr (French francs), C$, US$, HK$, A$, M$, S$, and NZ$. It may also appear after % or even cents, when convenient. See section 11 [Modification of NP] for more details on the use of *U*. ... In general, *U* is placed where the word corresponding to the symbol would appear in the string if the text were read aloud. One notable exception is in certain hyphenated compound adjectives, such as a $5-a-share increase (spoken: â ¼A five dollar a share increaseâ ½). Here, the bracketing will usually not reflect the spoken order, with *U* placed as the last element in the ADJP: (NP a (ADJP $ 5-a-share *U*) increase) Sometimes, this type may lack the *U* entirely. (Bies et al. 1995)

ellipsis
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: NullElement
comment: *?* â ´ placeholder for ellipsed material ... *?* is now available in the following great-tasting flavors: (VP *?*), (ADJP-PRD *?*), (PP-PRD *), (NP *?*), (S *?*), (SBAR *?*). These act as placeholders for a missing predicate or piece thereof, especially in comparative constructions and other environments where predicate deletion occurs. Although the missing material represented by *?* is often identical to another constituent in the same sentence, the two are never coindexed. Postmodifiers of the verb (including traces) may be attached under (VP *?*), but not to any other null element, including the other *?* null elements and (VP *T*). Note that policy for *?* was never finalized, so its use varies to some extent. In general, *?* is used by the annotators as a last resort (short of the FRAG analysis) for the annotation of clauses with â ¼missingâ ½ material. Nonetheless, there are certain constructions that are particularly likely to contain *?*: (Bies et al. 1995)

gapping
type: Class
subclass of: NullElement
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991)
comment: The term "gapping" refers to a form of coordination in which the coordinated phrases after the rst are incomplete. For instance, the gapped equivalent of the full coordination structure in (@18a) is given in ( 18b). ( 18) a. Mary likes Bach and Susan likes Beethoven. b. Mary likes Bach and Susan, Beethoven. Gapped sequences like Susan, Beethoven should be labelled X. On the other hand, while coordination constructions containing gapped sequences involve coordination of unlike categories, it is clear that the entire coordination structure is a clause; hence, it should be labelled S. (Santorini 1991)

TopologicalField
type: Class
comment: Topological fields are a descriptive formalism to describe regularities of the makro-structure of sentences, for example, in the traditional description of word order inseveral Germanic languages (e.g., German, Dutch, Danish). More recently, similar conceptions of topological fields have been further developed in the context of constructivistic grammar formalisms, e.g., Role and Reference Grammar (van Valin and LaPolla 1997).
version info: Telljohann et al. (2009, p.13)
subclass of: SyntacticCategory

initial field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)
subclass of: fronting
version info: In the canonical sentence, the initial field is the first position in the sentence, hence grouped under Fronting.

final field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)

middle field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)

left sentence bracket
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13)

verbal complex
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In a German clause, the finite verb can appear in three different positions: verb-second, verb-initial, and verb-final. Only in verb-final clauses the verb complex consisting of the finite verb and non-finite verbal elements forms a unit. The discontinuous positioning of the verbal elements in verb-first and verb-second clauses is the traditional reason for structuring German clauses into fields. The positions of the verbal elements form the Satzklammer (sentence bracket) which divides the sentence into a Vorfeld (initial field), a Mittelfeld (middle field), and a Nachfeld (final field). The Vorfeld and the Mittelfeld are divided by the linke Satzklammer (left sentence bracket), which is the finite verb, the rechte Satzklammer (right sentence bracket) is the verb complex between the Mittelfeld and the Nachfeld. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.13) The Verbkomplex is a sequence of verb forms. In verb-second and verb-first clauses it consists of one or more non-finite elements or - depending on the verb - of a separable prefix. In verb-final clauses it also contains the finite verb. The rule for the linear order in general is: right determines left. If there is a finite verb in the verb complex, it is usually the right-most element. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.15)

left dislocation field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
subclass of: extraposition
subclass of: fronting
comment: The German Linksversetzungsfeld is a field for the left-dislocated phrase of resumptive constructions. A Linksversetzung is a pendent constituent. It can be regarded as a syntactic anticipation of a part of a sentence (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.16)

complementizer field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: The C-Feld occurs in verb-final clauses in German (exception: the conjunction als in subordinated sentences of comparison als w¨are es nie geschehen.). It is obligatorily occupied in finite verb-final clauses if there is no conjunction in the Linke Klammer. In non-finite verb-final clauses the C-position may be empty. This field can be occupied by conjunctions of sentential objects (e.g. daß, ob) or sentence initial conjunctions like um, obwohl, wenn and also by complex interrogative or relative phrases, e.g. ..., ’um wieviel Geld’ geht es dabei? / ..., ’an der’ Max Daniel Professor f¨ur Klavier ist. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)

coordinator field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: The KOORD-field is the field for coordinating particles in the German clause. In contrast to the PARORD-field, it can optionally occur as the left-most element of all clause types. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)

subordinator field
type: Class
subclass of: TopologicalField
comment: In the German clause, the PARORD-field is the field for non-coordinating particles which optionally occur as the left-most element of a verb-second clause (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.17)

Constituent
type: Class
version info: http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008/SyntacticConstruction
comment: Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction: SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic configuration. [Crystal 1980, 85-86]. (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008) Corresponds to units of annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000)
subclass of: SyntacticCategory

phrase
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase
subclass of: Constituent
comment: Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Phrases get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies the head position; thus, all phrases have heads [Crystal 1980, 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954, 169; Pike and Pike 1982, 453]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase)

fragment
type: Class
subclass of: Constituent
comment: FRAG marks those portions of text that appear to be clauses, but lack too many essential elements for the exact structure to be easily determined (e.g., answers to questions). Predicate argument structure therefore cannot be extracted from FRAGs. (Bies et al. 1995) Sentence fragments that end with sentence- nal punctuation like Not even an earthquake. should not be bracketed as S, but only with the highest appropriate label|in this case, NP. Do not attach such fragments to the preceding or following full sentence. (Santorini 1991)
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995

finite clause
type: Class
subclass of: clause

subordinate clause
type: Class
subclass of: finite clause
version info: Subclassification here follows the functional subclassification of subordinate clauses in the TDS ontologies. GOLD proposes an alternative syntax-based subclassification (yet without documentation or explanation) in AdjunctSubordinate and ComplementSubordinate. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ComplementSubordinate, http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjunctSubordinate)
comment: SubordinateClause is the class of clauses that cannot stand on their own as sentences. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause form a main clause. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubordinateClause) Dependent clauses (which are also sometimes referred to as subordinate clauses) cannot stand alone as sentences. They usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an independent clause and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause, cf. http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subordinateClause). A subordinate clause is an embedded construction which contains a finite verb form. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#finiteEmbeddedConstruction)

main clause
type: Class
subclass of: finite clause
comment: MainClause is the class of clauses that can stand on their own as a full, independent sentence. If a sentence contains any embedded clauses, the main clause is understood as the matrix plus the embedded clauses. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'John thinks that Mary is sick' is the main clause [Crystal 2001, 231]. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/MainClause) The independent clause can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Multiple independent clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form a compound sentence (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#mainClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause).

coordinate clause
type: Class
subclass of: finite clause
version info: adopted from http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#coordinateClause
comment: A coordinate clause is a clause belonging to a series of two or more clauses which are not syntactically dependent on one another, and are joined by means of a coordinate conjunction, a connective or parataxis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsACoordinateClause.htm).

non finite embedded construction
type: Class
subclass of: clause
comment: An embedded construction which contains a non-finite verb form (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-finiteEmbeddedConstruction with reference to Dik 1997)

cosubordinate clause
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#non-embeddedSubordinateClause Termed "cosubordination" here in accordance with van Valin and LaPolla (1997)
subclass of: coordinate clause

relative clause
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause
subclass of: subordinate clause
comment: A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun. For example, the noun phrase [the man who wasn't there] contains the noun [man], which is modified by the relative clause [who wasn't there] (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#relativeClause with reference to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause and Dik 1997) There are three di erent types of relative clauses in English (be careful not to confuse relative clauses and complement clauses): (i) wh-relative clauses (a guy who(m) I know), (ii) that-relative clauses (a guy that I know), and (iii) zero relative clauses (a guy I know). (Santorini 1991)

reduced relative clause
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991
subclass of: subordinate clause
comment: RRC (reduced relative clause) Reduced relative clauses are adjoined to the NP they modify. (Bies et al. 1995) We will use the term \reduced relative clause" to refer to participial or adjectival constituents of the type illustrated in (@26). (26) He bought two watches designed by Paloma Picasso. Reduced relative clauses should be bracketed as adjunction structures. The structure of ( 26) is thus as in (@27). Note that the reduced relative clause, which is headed by a participle, is bracketed as a VP. (27) (S (NP He) (VP bought (NP (NP two watches) (VP designed (PP by (PNP (PNP Paloma) (PNP Picasso)))))) .) (Santorini 1991)

conditional clause
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause
comment: Conditional clauses refer to a hypothetical situation, in English they are introduced by 'if' or 'unless'. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#conditionalClause)
subclass of: subordinate clause

adverbial subordinate clause
type: Class
subclass of: subordinate clause
comment: Subordinate clauses with adverbial function are annotated as ADV, e.g. "Tom sleeps when the sun rises." (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.6)
version info: added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007)

complement clause
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991
comment: In noun phrases like the fact that she is late, the subordinate clause that she is late is a complement of the noun fact and should not be confused with a relative clause. (Note that the embedded clause she is late is not missing a constituent; by contrast, in a relative clause construction like the TV that she bought the other day, the clause that she bought the other day is incomplete.) The entire noun phrase should be bracketed as a sister of the head noun. (NP the fact (SBAR that (S (NP she) (VP is (ADJP late))))) (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: subordinate clause

nominalized verb
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites
subclass of: non finite embedded construction
comment: A non-finite embedded construction which contains features with nominal properties (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withNominalProperites, with reference to Dik 1997)

participle construction
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction
subclass of: non finite embedded construction
comment: A participle is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withParticipleAsHead) Participial constructions are used as adjunct clauses in Old High German. As they lack a finite verb form they are kept separately from finite subordinate clauses. (http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ParticipialConstruction)
label: embedded participle

infinitival clause
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead, http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#InfinitivalClause
subclass of: non finite embedded construction
comment: An infinitive is the head of the embedded construction. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#withInfinitiveAsHead) Infinitival relatives. See section 14 [Infinitives] for more information. (NP (NP a movie) (SBAR (WHNP-1 0) (S (NP-SBJ *) (VP to (VP see (NP *T*-1)))))) (Bies et al. 1995)
label: embedded infinitive

chunk
type: Class
version info: Ancorra tagset
comment: “A minimal (non recursive) phrase(partial structure) consisting of correlated, inseparable words/entities, such that the intra-chunk dependencies are not distorted” ... A chunk would contain a 'head' and its modifiers. Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf Note that, often, it is not required that chunks are complete. Chunks can thus be phrases or fragments. In the sense of OLiA, they are, however, constituents (of an annotation).
subclass of: Constituent
subclass of: Class
  union of: phrase
  union of: fragment

foreign phrase
type: Class
version info: TüBa-D/Z
comment: Single foreign words are projected to a syntactic level assigned the node label FX, which is an universal label for any syntactic category (phrasal and sentential) in the respective foreign language. (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.44)
subclass of: phrase

determiner phrase
type: Class
version info: TüBa-D/Z, NOTE: not to be confused with "determiner phrase" in generative grammar, which would be a NounPhrase in most annotation frameworks
comment: Certain pronouns serving as determiners in noun phrases may be premodified, for instance, by degree adverbs such as in German "so viele ¨Altere", "gar kein Schutz", etc. In the case of "so viele Ältere", the premodifying adverb so is attached to the indefinite pronoun viele. Together, they form a determiner phrase (DP), which is attached to the head noun Ältere on the same level: [so viele] Ältere (Telljohann et al. 2009, p.63)
subclass of: phrase

noun headed phrase
type: Class
comment: A NounHeadedPhrase takes a nominal as its (semantic) head. Introduced as a generalization over NounPhrase and PrepositionalPhrase for reasons of consistency with dependency parsers like Connexor where this differentiation is not made.
subclass of: phrase

noun phrase
type: Class
comment: NounPhrase is the class of phrases that have nouns as heads. They can play the role of subject in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NounPhrase)
comment: At phrase level, the noun phrase is probably the least problematic of the categories to be dealt with. In general, a noun phrase will a have noun or a pronoun as its head, and included within the noun phrase are the determinative elements, any premodification, and any postmodification. The examples below, 14 to 17 show noun phrases with the head noun/pronoun in bold: (14) [NP He NP] was a tiny man (15) [NP his white shirt cuffs NP] (16) [NP his surprisingly thick and hairy wrists NP] (17) [NP some wholly unanticipated but remotely possible event of absorbing interest NP] However, noun phrases may also occur with adjectival heads, as in 18 and 19: (18) [NP The unemployed NP] have had enough (19) We've beaten [NP the best NP] or with a head which is a cardinal or ordinal number, as in 20 and 21: (20) [NP The ninth NP] is my particular favourite (21) [NP The other seven NP] continued with the trip In `pro-drop' languages, such as Spanish and Italian, pronominal Subjects are usually not expressed. Depending on the chosen type of analysis, this may require another definition of noun phrase, in order to include `empty noun phrases', in which the pronoun is not actually present, but may be inferred from the verb ending. A classic constituency test for Noun Phrases is that only whole NPs can be moved within the same sentence. In English, constituents can be preposed to achieve some effect, as in 23 (from Radford 1988: 70): (22) I can't stand your elder sister (23) Your elder sister I can't stand (though your brother's OK). Examples 24 and 25 show that it is not possible to move only part of the NP: (24) *Your elder I can't stand sister (25) *Elder sister, I can't stand your However, this test should be used with caution. It works well in English, but not always in other languages. For example, in 26 Neue Bücher is moved to the beginning of the sentence while keine is left at the end: (26) Neue Bücher habe ich keine new books have I no `I have not got any new books' (http://…
subclass of: noun headed phrase

WHnoun phrase
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: noun phrase
comment: WHNP|Wh-noun phrase. Noun phrase containing (among other things) a wh-determiner, as in which book or whose daughter, or consisting of a wh-pronoun like who. (Santorini 1991) WHNP â ´ Wh-noun Phrase. Introduces a clause with an NP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing some wh-word, e.g. who, which book, whose daughter, none of which, or how many leopards. (Bies et al. 1995)

verb phrase
type: Class
comment: VerbPhrase is the class of phrases that have verbs as heads. They can play the role of predicate in a main clause. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/VerbPhrase)
comment: This category is slightly more difficult to define, since there is disagreement over the extent of the verb phrase. In particular, should the verb phrase include only the words that are verbs, or should it also include the complements of the verb? In the examples given in this document, and in the sample texts in the appendices, we have chosen to include the complements, but it must be noted that this is an open issue, and we are in no way implying that this analysis is preferable to the alternative. The choice to be made at this level, i.e. the inclusion or exclusion of verbal complements in the Verb Phrase, is shown by the examples in 27 and 28, 27 showing the inclusion of the complement of the verb in the verb phrase and 28 excluding the complement: (27) He [VP took up [NP a clothes brush NP] VP] (28) He [VP took up VP] [NP a clothes brush NP] An advantage in the type of analysis shown in 27 is that the relative levels of the constituents can be shown to a greater extent -- i.e. complements of the verb are included in the verb phrase, while adjuncts and peripheral adverbials are left at sentence level. However, in a case where an adjunct occurs before the complement of the verb, the approaches used in 27 and 28 would cause problems, since either both the adjunct and the complement would be included as daughters of the verb phrase, or both would be daughters of the sentence, rather than keeping the complement as a daughter of the verb phrase and the adjunct as a sister of the verb phrase. These problems may be solved by an additional notation, but at some level, arbitrariness is inevitable. Regardless of the choice made over the extent of the Verb Phrase, there arises a problem of discontinuous Verb Phrases. A complex verbal construction may be discontinuous, e.g. the auxiliary and the main verb are separated in inverted constructions in English, or the main verb is positioned at the end of the sentence in German and Dutch. Such discontinuity can be avoided by hav…
subclass of: phrase

finite verb phrase
type: Class
version info: TüBa-D/Z
subclass of: verb phrase

nonfinite verb phrase
type: Class
version info: TüBa-D/Z
subclass of: verb phrase

gerund verb phrase
type: Class
version info: Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#GerundChunk
subclass of: nonfinite verb phrase
comment: VGNN Gerunds A verb chunk having a gerund will be annotated as VGNN. For example, h18a. sharAba ((pInA_VM))_VGNN sehata ke liye hAnikAraka hE. 'liquor' 'drinking' 'heath' 'for' 'harmful' 'is' “Drinking (liquor) is bad for health” h19a. mujhe rAta meM ((khAnA_VM))_VGNN acchA lagatA hai 'to me' 'night' 'in' 'eating' 'good' 'appeals' “I like eating at night” h20a. ((sunane_VM meM_PSP))_VGNN saba kuccha acchA lagatA hE 'listening' 'in' 'all' 'things' 'good' 'appeal' 'is' (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)

infinitive verb phrase
type: Class
version info: Ancorra, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#InfiniteVerbChunk
subclass of: nonfinite verb phrase
comment: VGINF Infinitival Verb Chunk This tag is to mark the infinitival verb form. In Hindi, both, gerunds and infinitive forms of the verb end with a -nA suffix. Since both behave functionally in a similar manner, the distinction is not very clear. However, languages such as Bangla etc have two different forms for the two types. Examples from Bangla are given below. b8. Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN SorIrera pokze BAlo 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'health-gen' 'for' 'good' ‘Taking bath in the early morning is good for health” b9. bindu Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF BAlobAse 'Bindu' 'morning' 'bath' 'take-inf' 'love-3pr' “Bindu likes to take bath in the early morning” In Bangla, the gerund form takes the suffix –A / -Ano, while the infinitive marker is –we. The syntactic distribution of these two forms of verbs is different. For example, the gerund form is allowed in the context of the word darakAra “necessary” while the infinitive form is not, as exemplified below: b10 Borabela ((snAna karA))_VGNN darakAra 'Morning' 'bath' 'do-verbal noun' 'necessary' “It is necessary to take bath in the early morning” b11. *Borabela ((snAna karawe))_VGINF darakAra Based on the above evidence from Bangla, the tag VGINF has been included to mark a verb chunk. (Akshar Bharati, Dipti Misra Sharma, Lakshmi Bai, Rajeev Sangal (2006), AnnCorra : Annotating Corpora. Guidelines For POS And Chunk Annotation For Indian Languages, Tech. Rep., L anguage Technologies Research Centre IIIT, Hyderabad, version of 15-12-2006, http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/tr031/posguidelines.pdf)

adverb phrase
type: Class
subclass of: phrase
comment: An adverb phrase may consist of an adverb, or a sequence of words in which an adverb is the head of the phrase. Adverb phrases may function as adverbials, as in 41: (41) [NP Her beautiful white hat NP] [VP was [ADVP very nearly ADVP] ruined VP] or as modifiers of adjectives, as in 42: (42) [NP Il NP] [VP parle [ADVP infiniment plus couramment ADVP] VP] or noun phrases, as in 43: (43) [NP They NP] [VP let [NP me NP] [VP speak VP] [ADVP now and then ADVP] VP] or as the complement of a preposition, as in 44: (44) [ADVP Strangely enough ADVP] , [NP we NP] [VP received [NP a reply NP] [NP the next day NP] VP] Other examples: (45) [NP The book NP] [VP is [ADVP right here ADVP] VP] (46) [ADVP Como [NP resultado [PP de [NP esa trama NP] PP] NP] ADVP] [VP no se lleva [PP a cabo PP] [NP ninguna acción NP] VP] (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node35.html)

WHadverb phrase
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: adverb phrase
comment: WHADVP|Wh-adverb phrase. Phrasal category headed by a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Santorini 1991) WHADVP â ´ Wh-adverb Phrase. Introduces a clause with an ADVP gap. May be null (containing the 0 complementizer) or lexical, containing a wh-adverb such as how or why. (Bies et al. 1995)

adjective phrase
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase
comment: AdjectivePhrase is the class of phrases that have adjectives as heads. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AdjectivePhrase)
comment: An adjective phrase may consist of an adjective, or a sequence of words in which an adjective is the head of the phrase, as shown in 47 to 50 below. (47) [NP his [ADJP surprisingly thick and hairy ADJP] wrists NP] (48) [NP some [ADJP [ADJP wholly unanticipated ADJP] but [ADJP remotely possible ADJP] ADJP] event NP] (49) [S [NP His speeches NP] [VP are [ADVP always ADVP] [ADJP too long [PP for comfort PP] ADJP] VP] S] (50) [AUX have AUX] [NP you NP] [VP found [NP something [ADJP suitable [PP for [NP your needs NP] PP] ADJP] NP] VP] ? (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node36.html)
subclass of: phrase

WHadjective phrase
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
comment: WHADJP â ´ Wh-adjective Phrase. Adjectival phrase containing a wh-adverb, as in how hot. (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: adjective phrase

coordination
type: Class
comment: As has already been shown in some of the preceding examples, the issue of coordination necessarily arises: how is coordination to be represented in terms of constituency? Different approaches have been taken, and in the example analyses given in this document, we have chosen to take a traditional approach, showing the coordinated constituents at the same level, with the conjunction between them (see also 47 and 48): (51) [NP [NP John NP] and [NP Mary NP] NP] (52) She went [PP [PP to the library PP] or [PP to the cafeteria PP] PP] (53) He works [ADVP [ADVP very slowly ADVP] but [ADVP very meticulously ADVP] ADVP] However, in practice, in an automated parsing system, this is not an easy differentiation to make, and in some existing schemes, a slightly less satisfactory solution has been found, viz. analysing coordination in a similar fashion to subordination. Most constituents (both phrases and clauses) can be coordinated, but the extent to which this is possible will differ across languages. The conjuncts may be marked as such by separate descriptors: NPtex2html_wrap_inline4084 etc. However, there are many occasions where the conjuncts are not of the same formal category, or where they do not correspond to an entire phrasal or clausal constituent. There is much to be said, in these cases, or perhaps for all cases of coordination, for the use of a generalised label applied to all coordinate constituents or conjuncts, e.g. the label CO used in the TOSCA system. We do not offer a definitive solution for the annotation of coordination, and the many variants of coordination will not be considered further in this report. See Sampson (1995: 310f) for a detailed treatment. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node37.html)
subclass of: phrase
subclass of: list
comment: cf. SemDok List-coordination. No definition provided, but this could be meant for cases of (otherwise uninterpreted) syntactic coordination between discourse units.
preferred label: list/coordination

prepositional phrase
type: Class
comment: A sequence of a preposition and its complement is a prepositional phrase. The complement of a preposition is usually a noun phrase (see examples 38 to 40), but may also be a clause or an adverb phrase. According to the categories recommended here, a prepositional phrase may be analysed further into preposition and noun phrase. The examples below demonstrate how this further analysis can be a recursive procedure. (38) [PP en [NP sustitucion [PP de [NP los canales correspondientes [PP de [NP 50 baudios NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP]. (39) [NP Fairbanks NP] [VP hummed [NP a few bars NP] VP] [PP in [NP a voice [VP made resonant [PP by [NP the very weakness [PP of [NP his chest NP] PP] NP] PP] VP] NP] PP]. (40) [PP En [NP el caso [PP de [NP un sistema mixto [PP en [NP el [CL que [VP se utilicen [NP canales [PP con [NP tres velocidades [PP de [NP modulacion NP] PP] diferentes NP] PP] NP] VP] CL] NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP] In a language such as Spanish, where a large proportion of the modification of nouns takes the form of a following preposition de and another noun, this recursion is extremely prevalent, as in 40. In cases where the prepositional phrase is complemented by a one word noun phrase, it may be advantageous to leave the analysis at this point, rather than continuing to analyse further by enclosing the complement (see also one-word constituents). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node34.html#SECTION00052500000000000000)
subclass of: noun headed phrase
version info: EAGLES

WHprepositional phrase
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: prepositional phrase
comment: WHPP|Wh-prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-determiner, as in by whatever means necessary. (Santorini 1991) WHPP â ´ Wh-prepositional Phrase. Prepositional phrase containing a wh-noun phrase (such as of which or by whose authority) that either introduces a PP gap or is contained by a WHNP. (Bies et al. 1995)

conjunction phrase
type: Class
version info: Penn bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995
comment: Multi-word conjunction Besides the usual and, or, but, etc., certain prepositions and subordinating conjunctions can be used as coordinating conjunctions. Multi-word coordinating conjunctions are labeled CONJP (see section 7 [Coordination]). ... CONJP — Conjunction Phrase. Used to mark certain “multi-word” conjunctions, such as as well as, instead of. (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: phrase
subclass of: conjunction

SyntacticFunction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has syntactic function
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has syntactic function
  has self: true
subclass of: SyntacticFeature

adverbial
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticFunction
version info: Bies et al. 1995
comment: -ADV (adverbial) — marks a constituent other than ADVP or PP when it is used adverbially (e.g., NPs or free (“headless”) relatives). However, constituents that themselves are modifying an ADVP generally do not get -ADV. (Bies et al. 1995)

nominal
type: Class
version info: Bies et al. 1995
subclass of: SyntacticFunction
comment: -NOM (nominal) — marks free (“headless”) relatives and gerunds when they act nominally. (See section 9 [WH-Phrases] for more information about free relatives, and section 13 [Gerunds and Participles] for more information about gerunds.) (Bies et al. 1995)

adjectival
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival
subclass of: SyntacticFunction
comment: In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of attributive pronouns and abbreviated adjectives, e.g., in Ukrainian e.g., абичий/= бозна-чий/= будь-чий/= дечий/= хтозна-чий/= чий-будь/= чий-небудь/= чийсь/=, абичийого/абичий аби до чийого/абичий бозна-чийого/бозна-чий будь-чийого/будь-чий дечийого/дечий хтозна-чийого/хтозна-чий чийого-будь/чий-будь чийого-небудь/чий-небудь чийогось/чийсь, абичийого/абичий бозна-чийого/бозна-чий будь-чийого/будь-чий дечийого/дечий хтозна-чийого/хтозна-чий чийого-будь/чий-будь чийого-небудь/чий-небудь чийогось/чийсь, абичийому/абичий абичиєму/абичий абичиїм/абичий аби на чийому/абичий аби на чиєму/абичий аби на чиїм/абичий бозна на чийому/бозна-чий бозна на чиєму/бозна-чий бозна на чиїм/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий будь-чиєму/будь-чий будь-чиїм/будь-чий будь на чийому/будь-чий будь на чиєму/будь-чий будь на чиїм/будь-чий дечийому/дечий дечиєму/дечий дечиїм/дечий де на чийому/дечий де на чиєму/дечий, абичийому/абичий абичиєму/абичий бозна-чийому/бозна-чий бозна-чиєму/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий будь-чиєму/будь-чий дечийому/дечий дечиєму/дечий хтозна-чийому/хтозна-чий хтозна-чиєму/хтозна-чий чийому-будь/чий-будь чиєму-будь/чий-будь чийому-небудь/чий-небудь чиєму-небудь/чий-небудь чийомусь/чийсь чиємусь/чийсь, абичийому/абичий абичиєму/абичий бозна-чийому/бозна-чий будь-чийому/будь-чий будь-чиєму/будь-чий дечийому/дечий хтозна-чийому/хтозна-чий чийому-будь/чий-будь чийому-небудь/чий-небудь чийомусь/чийсь, абичию/абичий бозна-чию/бозна-чий будь-чию/будь-чий дечию/дечий хтозна-чию/хтозна-чий чию-будь/чий-будь чию-небудь/чий-небудь чиюсь/чийсь, абичия/абичий бозна-чия/бозна-чий будь-чия/будь-чий дечия/дечий хтозна-чия/хтозна-чий чия-будь/чий-будь чия-небудь/чий-небудь чиясь/чийсь, абичиє/абичий бозна-чиє/бозна-чий будь-чиє/будь-чий дечиє/дечий хтозна-чиє/хтозна-чий чиє-будь/чий-будь чиє-небудь/чий-небудь чиєсь/чийсь (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Adjectival)

verbal
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal
subclass of: SyntacticFunction
comment: In MULTEXT-East a characteristic of abbreviated verbs (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Verbal)

question
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
subclass of: SentenceTypeFeature
subclass of: InterrogativeModality
comment: There are two types of questions: direct questions (which are main clauses ending with a question mark) and indirect questions (which are subordinate clauses embedded under a verb). In this section, we discuss only direct questions; indirect questions are bracketed as SBARâ ¹s (see Section 5.17). (Santorini 1991)

yes no question
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
comment: There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: direct question

direct question
type: Class
subclass of: question
comment: There are two types of direct questions: yes-no questions and wh-questions. Yes-no questions should be bracketed as SQ. The auxiliary verb or form of do that precedes the subject in a yes-no question is a child of SQ. Note that yes-no questions need not contain a VP node (Santorini 1991)
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995

question predicate
type: Class
subclass of: question
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
comment: SQ â ´ Inverted yes/no question, or main clause of a wh-question, following the wh-phrase in SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995) SQ|That part of an SBARQ that excludes the wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SQ (See also section 1.2.7.) â ¢ inside SBARQ: As described above, inside wh-questions, SQ holds the subject, inverted auxiliary (if any), main verb phrase, and some adjuncts. â ¢ yes/no questions: SQ is used for yes/no questions (i.e., those with inversion but no wh-movement). ... â ¢ subject-less yes/no questions: In questions where the auxiliary and subject do not appear, the auxiliary is unlabeled and a null subject (NP-SBJ *) is used. ... Note that questions with overt subjects and auxiliaries that show declarative word order are simply labeled S. â ¢ Tag questions: Tag questions are treated as an adjunction of SQ to S. The resulting structure is labeled SQ, since the whole thing is interrogative in nature. The lower SQ is annotated to show predicate deletion; that is, an appropriate null *?* is inserted. (Bies et al. 1995)

direct W H question
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
comment: SBARQ|Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See Section 5.32. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Santorini 1991) Wh-questions should be bracketed as SBARQ. The wh-constituent (whether it is a subject or not) is a child of SBARQ; the rest of the question is an SQ. If the wh-constituent is a subject or an object, the position where it is interpreted should be represented by the empty element T. (Santorini 1991) The SBARQ label marks wh-questions (i.e., those that contain a gap and therefore require a trace). A further level of structure, SQ, contains the inverted auxiliary (if there is one) and the rest of the sentence. The inverted auxiliary in wh-questions is not labeled. ... SBARQ â ´ Direct question introduced by a wh-word or wh-phrase. See section 1 [Overview of Basic Clause Structure]. Indirect questions and relative clauses should be bracketed as SBAR, not SBARQ. (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: direct question

declarative sentence
type: Class
version info: Santorini 1991, Bies et al. 1995
subclass of: SentenceTypeFeature
subclass of: DeclarativeModality
comment: S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Santorini 1991) Simple declarative sentences: (S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP threw (NP the ball))) ... S â ´ Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion. (Bies et al. 1995)
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: sentence
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasModality
    some values from: DeclarativeModality

MovementFeature
type: Class
version info: 2016/08/29 introduced to account for raising and control features in lexinfo
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has movement feature
  has self: true
subclass of: SyntacticFeature

control
type: Class
subclass of: MovementFeature
comment: Control indicates how a an argument from a main clause will be utilized in a subclause. This class includes both control structures and raising structures (http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#Control)
version info: From http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#Control. But note that we regard Control as a feature of syntactic units (either verbs [=> control/raising] or arguments [=> raisable argument], not as a subclass of Frame, this reflects a different understanding of "Frame", in OLiA, Frames are semantic units, in lexinfo, they seem to be syntactic patterns, in other resources, e.g., VerbNet, both aspects are combined.

arbitrary control
type: Class
version info: http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#ArbitraryControl
subclass of: control
comment: Indicates either the subject or object of the main clause may be the omitted argument of the subclause (http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#ArbitraryControl)

object control
type: Class
subclass of: control
comment: Indicates the object of the main clause is also the (omitted) object of the subclause (http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#ObjectControl)
version info: http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#ObjectControl

subject control
type: Class
subclass of: control
comment: Indicates the subject of the main clause is the (omitted) subject of the subclause (http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#SubjectControl)
version info: http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#SubjectControl

raising subject
type: Class
subclass of: control
comment: Indicates the syntactic subject of the main clause is in fact the subject of the subclause. The main clause should then be interpreted as being impersonal. (http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#RaisingSubject)
version info: http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#RaisingSubject

raising
type: Class
subclass of: MovementFeature
comment: Control indicates how a an argument from a main clause will be utilized in a subclause. Control includes both control structures and raising structures of verbs/clauses (see Control). As opposed to this, the OLiA Raising class pertains to raisable/raised arguments, cf. http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#RaisableArgument
version info: http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo#RaisableArgument

raisable argument
type: Class
deprecated: true
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: raising
  intersection of: syntactic argument
version info: from http://lemon-model.net/lemon#RaisableArgument, deprecated because this is just a shorthand for Raising and SyntacticArgument

syntactic argument
type: Class
version info: added to account for TIGER edge labels with syntactic function
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: An inherent (morpho)syntactic constituent subcategorized for by a predicate. 'Arguments are those terms which are required by some predicate in order to form a complete nuclear predication. They are essential to the integrity of the SoA designated by the predicate frame. If we leave them out, the property/relation designated by the predicate is not fulfilled or satisfied.' (Dik, 1997:86f) An argument can be a controller in an agreement relation. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticArgument) The category ARG is assigned to those syntactic constituents that appear as obligatory complements to the main verb. This means that they cannot be left out without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.3)

raisable subject
type: Class
deprecated: true
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: raising
  intersection of: syntactic subject
version info: from http://lemon-model.net/lemon#RaisableSubject, deprecated because this is just a shorthand for Raising and SyntacticSubject

syntactic subject
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject
subclass of: syntactic argument
comment: The subject of a sentence is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other being the predicate. Providing an adequate definition of the notion of a subject is notoriously difficult, and depends on a range of grammatical properties that may vary from language to language. For this reason, many current grammatical theories avoid using the term, except for purely descriptive purposes, or define it in terms of occupying a particular position in the clause. The term subject refers to the grammatical function an expression may have in relation to other expressions in a sentence, and it should be distinguished from parts of speech, which classify expressions independently of their relations to other constituents of a sentence. The subject of a verb is the argument which generally refers to the origin of the action or the undergoer of the state shown by the verb. However, this definition depends on the particular language under consideration. In languages where a passive voice exists, the subject of a passive verb may be the target or result of the action. This is a semantic definition. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticSubject)

SyntacticRole
type: Class
version info: 2010/04/08 merged with EAGLES NPFunction "NPFunction is an additional optional attribute for adjectives. It subsumes the values HeadFunction, Postmodifying and Premodifying." (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1a 20.11.06)
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has syntactic role
  has self: true
subclass of: SyntacticFeature

head
type: Class
version info: TIGER edge label HD, definition according to Penn Treebank Bracketing Guidelines (Santorini 1991)
comment: Heads are single words that function as the nucleus of a phrase. For instance, the head of the noun phrase John’s book is book. Book is also the head of the more complex noun phrase that interesting book that you were telling me about the other day. The head of the verb phrase telling me about the other day is telling. The head of a prepositional phrase is the preposition. (Santorini 1991)
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: TIGER edge label HD

predicate
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject (Crystal 1980: 280; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 173; Pike and Pike 1982: 40; Mish et al. 1990: 926; Crystal 1985: 241-242). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate)
version info: adapted from http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/predicate
version info: Note that most predicates are also (semantic) Heads of the respective clause (cf. van Valin and Lapolla 1997, who, however, use the term "nucleus"). A syntax-centered approach on heads may, however, assign the label Head to an auxiliary. As "head" is ambiguous between a syntactic function (finite verb) and a semantic function (predicate), a direct association is avoided here.

syntactic complement
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: A complement is a phrase that fits a particular slot in the syntax requirements of a parent phrase (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29). An additional (morpho)syntactic constituent that may be subcategorized for by the predicate. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticComplement)
comment: The complement is attached inside the VP, NP, ADJP, or PP. Verbs: The term “complement” as it is used here refers to: 1. internal arguments such as NP objects, S and SBAR with no adverbial dash tags (including some if-clauses, as in I wonder if the Cubs are winning), and quoted constituents (including SINV and FRAG) 2. the passive logical-subject by-phrase 3. VP 4. constituents tagged -BNF, -CLR, -DTV, -PRD, and -PUT (S (NP-SBJ-1 the guide) (VP was (VP given (NP *-1) (PP-DTV to (NP Arthur)) (PP by (NP-LGS Ford))))) Nouns: Since it is difficult to consistently annotate an argument/adjunct distinction, all PP modifiers of nouns are Chomsky-adjoined to the NP: (NP (NP a teacher) (PP of (NP chemistry))) Adjectives: Except in comparatives, any modifier following an adjective is bracketed as a complement. (ADJP eager/likely/ready (S to believe anything)) Prepositions: The NP or S complement of a preposition is placed inside the PP. (Bies et al. 1995)
version info: according to the PennTreebank definition (Bies et al. 1995), arguments are complements

syntactic adjunct
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: Prototypically, an optional (morpho)syntactic constituent. 'Satellites are not ... required by the predicate; they give optional further information pertaining to additional features of the SoA ..., the location of the SoA ..., the speaker's attitude towards or evaluation of the propositional content ..., or the character of the speech act...' (Dik, 1997:87) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct) The category adjunct (ADJ) is assigned to those constituents that appear as optional additions, be it to the main verb or to a given noun. This means that they can be left out freely without a change in grammaticality or a significant change in meaning. In "John called Mary (from school) (with his cell phone)" the optional additions "from school" and "with his cell phone" are such optional additions that can be left out freely. Adjuncts are generally used to convey additional information about the time, place, manner, or cause of the event or situation described by the clause (see below). That is, they restrict the class of events/ situations described by the clause to a subset. If required the category ADJ can be split up into semantic sub-categories, that are annotated in layer semantic roles (time, location, etc.). (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.3)
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticAdjunct

modifier
type: Class
subclass of: SyntacticRole
comment: added in conformance with TIGER
version info: added in conformance with TIGER, equivalent to SyntacticAdjunct, cf. definition by Dipper et al. (2007) there
equivalent class: syntactic adjunct

conjunct
type: Class
version info: TIGER edge label CJ
comment: TIGER edge label CJ
subclass of: SyntacticRole

nominal predicate
type: Class
comment: A nominal predicate (noun or adjective), either with or without copula. The term nominal predicate may be used for the complements of further copulative verbs (cf. small clauses), e.g. "consider", "call", etc. (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.5)
version info: added in conformance with SFB632 annotation guidelines (Dipper et al., 2007)
subclass of: predicate

verbal predicate
type: Class
comment: The predicate of the clause is represented by a verbal lexeme. (Ch. Chiarcos)
version info: introduced for non-nominal predicates, normally referred to as ``predicate'' (Ch. Chiarcos)
subclass of: predicate

verbal head
type: Class
subclass of: head
comment: A Verb (V) at the syntax layer is either a lexical (VLEX) or a copula verb (VCOP) at the POS layer. Modal verbs and auxiliaries are not annotated in the constituent structure. The verb and its arguments are placed at the same CSn layer. Raising and control verbs are treated like ordinary verbs. They subcategorize for a sentential complement. (Dipper et al 2007, §3.3.3)
version info: added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007)

head ofNP
type: Class
version info: EAGLES NPFunction="head"
subclass of: head
comment: The HeadFunction is a function of an adjective or participle that can serve as the focus of the phrase.

transitive subject
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A
subclass of: syntactic subject
comment: First argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#A)

intransitive subject
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S
subclass of: syntactic subject
comment: Intransitive argument (S), single argument of an intransitive verb or only argument in a one-place predicate (frame). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#S)

syntactic object
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject
subclass of: syntactic argument
comment: In linguistics, the object of a transitive verb is one of its core arguments, which generally represents the target of the verb's action or the undergoer of its effects. In more general terms, an object is a patient. Verbs with no object (as in the sentence "I run") are called intransitive verbs. Those which do take objects are called transitive verbs. Transitive verbs which take only one object are known as monotransitive. Ditransitive verbs have two objects, a patient and a recipient. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_%28grammar%29). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#syntacticObject) An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object. An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject (Crystal 1985: 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155-156; Mish et al. 1990: 814, Comrie 1989: 66). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/object)

prepositional object
type: Class
subclass of: syntactic object
comment: Prepositional object
version info: Added in conformance with SFB632 annotation guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007, §4.3.4). Note that we include postpositional objects under this term, as well, so a more adequate term would be adpositional object.

facultative prepositional object
type: Class
subclass of: prepositional object
comment: facultative (i.e. optional) prepositional object, e.g., passivized subject (von-phrase)
version info: TüBa-D/Z edge label FOPP

indirect object
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310
subclass of: syntactic object
comment: An indirect object is a grammatical relation that is one means of expressing the semantic role of goal and other similar roles. It is proposed for languages in which the role is distinct from the direct object and the oblique object on the basis of multiple independent syntactic or morphological criteria, such as the following: (i) Having a particular case marking, commonly dative (ii) Governing an agreement affix on the verb, such as person or number (iii) Being distinct from oblique relations in that it may be relativized A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase indicating the recipient or beneficiary of the action of a verb and its direct object (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1310) Third argument of a ditransitive verb. Ditransitive recipient (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#R)

direct object
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1274
comment: A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs; particular case marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the capability of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents (Crystal 1985: 94; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 358; Comrie 1989: 66; Andrews, Avery 1985: 68,120,126; Comrie 1985a: 337). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/directObject)
subclass of: syntactic object

transitive object
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P
comment: Second argument of a transitive verb, transitive object (P) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#P)
subclass of: direct object

ditransitive theme
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T
subclass of: direct object
comment: Ditransitive theme (T) (Siewierska 2004:57). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#T)

rhetorical modifier
type: Class
comment: added in conformance with TIGER
version info: added in conformance with TIGER
version info: TODO: check definition
subclass of: modifier

adverbial modifier
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier
subclass of: modifier
comment: An adverbial modifier modifies a verb. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adverbialModifier)

adnominal constituent
type: Class
label: adnominal modifier
label: nominal modifier
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier
version info: TODO: rename to AdnominalModifier
subclass of: modifier
comment: Each element in a construction is called adnominal that modifies a nominal, such as, all types of attributives, such as adjectives, possessives, prepositional attributes and relative clauses, such as the beautiful house; the neighbour’s house, the house at the sea, the house, that I want. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#nominalModifier)
comment: Adnominal wird jedes Element in einer Konstruktion bezeichnet, das der Modifizierung eines Nomens dient, d.h. alle Formen von Attributen wie Adjektive, Genitivattribute, Präpositionalattribute, Relativsätze. Zum Beispiel, das schöne Haus; das Haus des Nachbars; das Haus am See; das Haus, das ich mir schon immer gewünscht habe. (http://www.uni-trier.de/uni/fb2/ldv/ldv_wiki/index.php/Adnominal) @de

post nominal modifier
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, NPFunction="postmodifying", http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1945 (without restriction on nominal heads ?)
comment: Postmodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify, describe, or qualify a preceding noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
subclass of: adnominal constituent

pre nominal modifier
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, NPFunction="premodifying", cf. http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1943 (preModifier, but without reference to nominal heads)
comment: Premodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify a following noun. (EAGLES) modificationType: Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1931)
subclass of: adnominal constituent

genitive attribute
type: Class
version info: added in conformance to the TIGER scheme
version info: TODO: check definition
comment: added in conformance to the TIGER scheme
subclass of: adnominal constituent

measure argument
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with TIGER
version info: TODO: check definition
subclass of: adnominal constituent
comment: added in conformance with TIGER

demonstrative modifier
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier
subclass of: adnominal constituent
comment: A nominal is modified by a demonstrative. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#demonstrativeModifier)

adjectival modifier
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier
subclass of: adnominal constituent
comment: A nominal is modified by an adjective. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#adjectivalModifier)

numeral modifier
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier
subclass of: adnominal constituent
comment: A nominal is modified by a numeral. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#numeralModifier)

CausativeVoice
type: Class
comment: voice where the subject causes someone or something else to do or be something
subclass of: VoiceFeature

AntiCausativeVoice
type: Class
comment: An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive [Siewierska 1988: 267].
subclass of: VoiceFeature

CircumstantialVoice
type: Class
comment: voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the role of subject
subclass of: VoiceFeature

MediopassiveVoice
type: Class
comment: voice which subsumes both the middle voice and the passive voice
subclass of: VoiceFeature
equivalent class: Class
  union of: MiddleVoice
  union of: PassiveVoice

PseudopassiveVoice
type: Class
comment: voice in a specify passive construction (different from the regular passive) where the patient is the syntactic subject and agent is the syntactic object
subclass of: PassiveVoice

ApplicativeVoice
type: Class
comment: voice which promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the core patient argument and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb
subclass of: VoiceFeature

AdjutativeVoice
type: Class
comment: voice for a construction where the subject of the verb is not an agent of the action denoted by the verb but is assisting an unstated agent in performing the action
subclass of: VoiceFeature

active voice
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#activeVoice
comment: When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) Associated with transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another participant (object), or with intransitivity (McIntosh 1984:108). Refers to the category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis: Diathesis=D0:(X=SUBabs/nom) (Y=DIROBacc) (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Active)
subclass of: VoiceFeature

passive voice
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#passiveVoice
comment: When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06) When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#passiveVoice) Passive is often not clearly distinguished from Inverse: According to Givón (1988), Inverse is characterized by obligatory realization of the suppressed agent, whereas the realization of the agent in a passive construction is optional (or impossible). This restrictive definition of passive does, however, conflict with the use of the term "passive" for European languages. Then, English and German "Passive" would be Inverses. Therefore, Inverse is a subconcept of Passive here. Givón's original Passive is NonInversePassive.
subclass of: VoiceFeature

middle voice
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#middleVoice
subclass of: VoiceFeature
comment: A verb that appears active but expresses a passive action may be called middle voice, e.g. 'The chicken cooked in the oven'. In Greek the middle voice is often reflexive expressing a causative reading or that the action is performed for one's own benefit. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#middleVoice)

reflexive voice
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice
comment: The reflexive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject is both the agent and the patient or recipient. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#reflexiveVoice)
subclass of: VoiceFeature

antipassive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive
subclass of: VoiceFeature
comment: Derives an intransitive verb from a transitive stem whereby the original agent (only) is cross-referrenced by the absolutive markers on the verb and the original patient, if it appears, is in an oblique phrase. (England 1983:110) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Antipassive)

reflexive middle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexiveMiddle, but the definition given there ("Subjects perform action to self") may be oversimplistic as it entails that ReflectiveMiddle is the *same* as Reflexive. In my current understanding, reflexive middle is a middle construction that makes use of grammatical devices that normally indicate reflexivity, cf. the definition of ReflexivePassive. The definition given below is a generalization that covers the original definition as well.
version info: TODO: Check Siewierska (1988:257)
subclass of: middle voice
comment: Reflexive middle makes use of grammatical devices that normally indicate reflexivity. (Ch. Chiarcos)

deponent middle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle
subclass of: middle voice
comment: Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DeponentMiddle)

reciprocal middle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle
comment: Referents of plural subject do action to one another. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReciprocalMiddle)
subclass of: middle voice

plain middle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle
comment: Results of action occur to subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PlainMiddle)
subclass of: middle voice

nucleonic middle
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle
subclass of: middle voice
comment: Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NucleonicMiddle)

reflexive passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive
subclass of: passive voice
comment: A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings. (Siewierska 1988:257) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReflexivePassive)

personal passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive
comment: A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PersonalPassive)
subclass of: passive voice

agent deletion passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive
subclass of: passive voice
comment: The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be semantically active. (Givon 1988:419) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AgentDeletionPassive)

inverse voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice
subclass of: passive voice
comment: Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient participants (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/InverseVoice)

non inverse passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive Unlike the GOLD definition, Passive is often not clearly distinguished from Inverse: According to Givón (1988), Inverse is characterized by obligatory realization of the suppressed agent, whereas the realization of the agent in a passive construction is optional (or impossible). This restrictive definition of passive does, however, conflict with the use of the term "passive" for European languages. Then, English and German "Passive" would be Inverses. Therefore, Inverse is a subconcept of Passive here. Givón's original Passive is NonInversePassive.
comment: An agent-demoting voice construction where the realization of the demoted agent is not obligatory (against Inverse). In terminological systems that distinguish "InverseVoice" from "Passive" (e.g., Givon, 1988), this is the "Passive" concept. (Ch. Chiarcos) Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified agent. (McIntosh 1984:108) Refers to the category of verb forms, typically identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase (Shibatani 1995:7) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Passive)
subclass of: passive voice
disjoint with: inverse voice

promotional inverse voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse
comment: Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PromotionalInverse)
subclass of: inverse voice

impersonal passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive
subclass of: passive voice
comment: A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic intransitive structure (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ImpersonalPassive)

locative passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive
comment: An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation. (Klaiman 1991:17) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/LocativePassive)
subclass of: passive voice

pragmatic inverse voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse
subclass of: inverse voice
comment: If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used. If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/PragmaticInverse)

necessitative passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive
comment: A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic meaning of necessity is added. (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NecessitativePassive)
subclass of: passive voice

oblique passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive
comment: A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive passives and instrumental passives. (Klaiman 1991:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ObliquePassive)
subclass of: passive voice

nonpromotional inverse voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse
subclass of: inverse voice
comment: Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonpromotionalInverse)

semantic inverse voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse
comment: If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SemanticInverse)
subclass of: inverse voice

progressive passive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive
subclass of: passive voice
comment: A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning of progressive tense is found (Noonan 1994:280) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ProgressivePassive)

absolutive antipassive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive
comment: An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is suppressed or overtly absent. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/AbsolutiveAntipassive)
subclass of: antipassive

referential voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice, classified as Antipassive here in analogy with ObliquePassive
comment: entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than the logical subjects (A) and objects (P), including the dative, benefactive, malefactive, and possessor. (Klaiman 1991:239) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/ReferentialVoice)
subclass of: antipassive

focus antipassive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive
comment: Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments, including the P, but Focus salience is always assigned to A, and is therefore inaccessible to P or any other nominal. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/FocusAntipassive)
subclass of: antipassive

nonabsolutive antipassive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive
comment: An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is overtly downgraded. (Klaiman 1991:232) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/NonabsolutiveAntipassive)
subclass of: antipassive

incorporating antipassive
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive
subclass of: antipassive
comment: Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. This correlates with the P's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. (Klaiman 1991:236) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/IncorporatingAntipassive)

anticausative
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative This is a semantic manipulation of the verb frame (and thus limited to a specific semantic class of verbs) rather than a grammatical device for the manipulation of argument structure, therefore classified as Active here.
subclass of: active voice
comment: An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive. (Siewierska 1988:267) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Anticausative)

direct voice
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice
subclass of: active voice
comment: Signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that salience is assigned to nominals based on their referent's relative real-world capacities to control situations. (Klaiman 1991:32) (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/DirectVoice)

causative
type: Class
version info: TODO: rename to CausativeVoice
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative, cf. Anticausative
comment: Expressing the causation of an action. (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Causative)
subclass of: active voice

atransitive
type: Class
version info: Chiarcos
comment: A predicate/verb that takes no argument. English "to rain" is semantically atransitive, hence, an expletive is to be used in "it's raining", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
subclass of: ValencyFeature

ValencyFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has valency
  has self: true
comment: ValencyFeature cannot be reflexive, because hasSyntacticValency is distinguished from hasSemanticValency
subclass of: SyntacticFeature

intransitive
type: Class
version info: SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
comment: A predicate/verb that takes one argument, e.g., English "to go", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
subclass of: ValencyFeature

transitive
type: Class
version info: SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
comment: A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to kiss", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
subclass of: ValencyFeature

ditransitive
type: Class
version info: SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
comment: A predicate/verb that takes two arguments, e.g., English "to give", cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
subclass of: ValencyFeature

has valency
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ValencyFeature

has syntactic function
type: ObjectProperty
version info: Bies et al. 1995
sub property of: hasFeature
comment: Relation to be used when the syntactic function of a constituent is different from its morphosyntactic type, cf. FormFunctionDiscrepancy in the PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995, §2.2.1)
version info: TODO: apply this to primitive concepts, too
range: SyntacticFunction

has syntactic valency
type: ObjectProperty
version info: SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
comment: In annotation schemes for morphosyntax, "valency" normally means syntactic valency, i.e., the number of syntactic arguments a verb/clause takes.
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ValencyFeature

has voice
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: VoiceFeature

has syntactic role
type: ObjectProperty
range: SyntacticRole
domain: annotation unit
sub property of: hasFeature

annotation unit
type: Class
comment: AnnotationUnit was introduced to account for annotating strings (selected according to certain criteria) directly with discourse information. Where structured elements (e.g., from syntax or semantics) represent the basis of annotation, the annotations should be directly anchored with them. Here, we are concerned with discourse annotation only. Syntactically or semantically defined units of annotations are thus considered opaque objects, as these are to be described in terms of the OLiA Reference Model.

has movement feature
type: ObjectProperty
range: MovementFeature
domain: annotation unit
sub property of: hasFeature

morpheme
type: Class
subclass of: MorphologicalCategory
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330
comment: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1330)

morphological particle
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle
subclass of: morpheme
subclass of: token
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: morpheme
  intersection of: token
comment: added in accordance with TIGER MorphologicalParticle

token
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403
comment: Character string surrounded by separators. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1403)
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

FocusMarker
type: Class
comment: a morpheme indicating that the element it marks is the focus of the utterance.
version info: In compliance with ISOcat, this is defined here as a morpheme. However, focus markers can be independent words, as well.
subclass of: morpheme

root
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231
comment: base of a word (MIRACL & LSCA; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2231)
subclass of: morpheme

inflection element
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-292
comment: An element of language used to change the form of a word (noun, adjective) by declension, and (verbs) by conjugation. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-292)
subclass of: morpheme

affix
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234
comment: Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1234)
subclass of: morpheme

infix
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313
comment: Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech value. (Sue Ellen Wright; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1313)
subclass of: affix

zu inclusion
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954
comment: Inclusion of zu. (DFKI; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1954)
subclass of: infix

prefix
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365
comment: Affix added before a word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1365)
subclass of: affix

separable prefix
type: Class
version info: TüBa-D/Z
comment: separable verb prefix, e.g., "Auch die Vertreter der AfB [stimmten] den 86 Millionen [zu]."
subclass of: prefix

suffix
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395
comment: Affix added at the end of the word to change its meaning or part of speech. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1395)
subclass of: affix

cliticness
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness), http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness
deprecated: true
version info: Deprecated: Note that the original MULTEXT-East definition of cliticness conflates four different aspects under this label: (a) whether an element *is* a clitic, (b) whether an element *contains* a clitic, (c) whether an element *should contain* a clitic that is, however, represented as a separate token, and (d) whether an element is part of a collocation. In the MULTEXT-East ontology (and here), this is made explicit by CliticElement, NoncliticElement, ElementWithClitic, ElementWithoutClitic and Collocation. Instead of the original "Clitic", CliticElement (state of being a clitic) and Cliticization (process of adding a clitic) are to be used
comment: Categorization of the different types of clitics (MultText-East; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903)
subclass of: morpheme
equivalent class: CliticElement
label: clitic

cliticness
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness), http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness
comment: Note that Clitic covers only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat) definitions of cliticness, i.e., that an element is a clitic
subclass of: morpheme
label: clitic element

cliticization
type: Class
version info: http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1903 (cliticness), http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Cliticness. Note that Cliticization covers only one aspect of the original MULTEXT-East (and ISOcat) definitions of cliticness, i.e., that an element is a clitic
comment: In morphosyntax, cliticization is a process by which a complex word is formed by attaching a clitic to a fully inflected word. Exsmple: In Je t'aime, t' is the clitic attached to aime. (http://www.glottopedia.de/index.php/Cliticization) Note that cliticization can also be understood as the process of an independent word developing into a clitic. This is not the meaning intended here, as the OLiA ontologies are currently not applied to the description of diachronic processes. (Chiarcos)
subclass of: MorphologicalProcess

element with clitic
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElementWithClitic"
comment: Expression representing a lexeme together with its clitics (Chiarcos)
subclass of: cliticization

element without clitic
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ElementWithoutClitic"
comment: Expression representing a lexeme without any clitics (i.e. because of the absence of cliticization or because the clitic is represented separately) (Chiarcos)
subclass of: cliticization

element demanding clitic
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#DemandingClitic
comment: Expression representing a lexeme with cliticization whose clitics are, however, represented as a separate token
subclass of: element without clitic

bound
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933 (bound as value of cliticness http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933), originally from MULTEXT-East, see http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#BoundClitic, but note that as it is used in MULTEXT-East, BoundClitic is ambiguous between "being" a bound clitic and "containing a bound clitic". Here, only the first aspect is preserved, is is thus a subclass of CliticElement.
comment: Linked to a particular element. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1933)
subclass of: cliticness
version info: subClassOf cliticness (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: bound clitic

stem
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389
comment: Root of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1389)
label: base
label: root
subclass of: morpheme

derivation
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271
comment: Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation to create a new word. (Sue Ellen Wright + Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1271)
subclass of: MorphologicalProcess

compound
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-352
comment: In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes (the other word-formation process being derivation). Compounding or Word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate in such a way that a new meaning comes out which is very different from the meanings of the words in isolation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29) Compound: A lexical unit that combines two or sometimes more different words, frequently such that the sense of the new lexical unit is not clearly derivable from the combination of its parts. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-352)
subclass of: MorphologicalProcess
label: composition

reduplication
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346 (reduplication)
comment: process to modify the sense of a word by some operations to repeat the sound of a word. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2346)
subclass of: MorphologicalProcess

echo word
type: Class
version info: adopted from Ancorra for Indian languages, http://purl.org/olia/ancorra.owl#EchoWord
subclass of: Reduplication
label: reduplicative
subclass of: Word
comment: The word is a copy of a previous word. In Hindi, this would add the meaning of distribution ("one rupee each"), separation ("sit separately"), variety, diversity or just emphasis. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-4209, reduplicative) Echo word is a linguistic term that refers to a particular kind of reduplication which is a widespread areal feature in the languages of South Asia. Echo words are characterized by reduplication of a complete word or phrase, with the initial segment or syllable of the reduplicant being overwritten by a fixed segment or syllable. In most languages in which this phenomenon is present, echo words serve to express a meaning of "... and such; and things like that." In some cases the echo word may express a depreciative meaning as well. Echo words in Hindi are typically created with a fixed initial v: aam "mango" aam vaam "mangoes and the like" tras "grief" tras vras "grief and the like" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_word)

nominalization
type: Class
version info: TODO: compare against Lehmann, Handbuch Relativsätze
version info: Nominalization is the process of forming a noun from (mostly) a verbal form, often marked morphologically or via zero derivation. (Hasmik Sargsian and Christian Chiarcos)
subclass of: derivation

diminuitive
type: Class
comment: A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. It is the opposite of an augmentative. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive)
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Diminuitive, in MTE v.4 originally modelled as an aspect of Degree, but this is a misplacement. There are languages where Degree and Diminuitivity are independent. In Latvian, for example, the diminutive suffix may be attached to an adjective, not only in the positive but in the comparative and superlative degrees (Ruke-Dravina 1953). Velta Ruke-Dravina (1953), Adjectival Diminuitives in Latvian. The Slavonic and East European Review 31(77): 452-465
subclass of: derivation

Augmentative
type: Class
comment: A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object [Crystal 1980: 34].
subclass of: derivation
version info: modelled as a derivational process analoguously to Diminuitive

ReduplicationTypeFeature
type: Class
subclass of: MorphologicalFeature
version info: defined in OLiA-top
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has reduplication type
  has self: true

SeparabilityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: MorphologicalFeature
version info: defined in OLiA-top
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has separability
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has separability
  has self: true

InflectionTypeFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has inflection type
  has self: true
comment: In this category, different inflection-relevant features are assembled. Typically, inflection phenomena are language-specific and pertain to different grammatial categories; therefore, this collection is neither to be supposed exhaustive nor are the features necessarily disjoint (e.g., InflectedWithOvertMarker overlaps with StrongInflection or WeakInflection)
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has inflection type
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphologicalFeature

strong inflection
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: In German (and other Germanic languages), when gender, number and case are not expressed by a determiner, the adjective takes the endings of the strong inflection. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Stark.html 20.11.06) Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature

base form
type: Class
version info: SUSANNE (Sampson 1995)
comment: Strong inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens. In traditional English tagsets, e.g., SUSANNE or the PennTreeBank tagset, surface ambiguities are normally not resolved. Uninflected forms and forms that have the same form (e.g., "be" as an imperative) are tagged as BaseForm. (Ch. Chiarcos) Since it is impractical (...) to resolve automatically the ambiguity of these six morphological functions, it is a common practice to assign a single value to the base form, or else to assign two values, one for the finite and one for the non-finite functions. Because of this, the tables below show two tagsets: one tagset representing the 6 attribute-values above, and a reduced tagset (`RTags'), which resembles most tagsets so far used for the English language in reducing the six values to two. http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node150.html#SECTION00054000000000000000 BaseForm is not a characteristic of lexemes, but specific to certain forms in a complex paradigm.
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature

uninflected
type: Class
version info: Chiarcos, cf. BaseForm in Susanne (Sampson 1995) and related schemes, and http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#UnmarkedForGender
comment: In many inflecting languages, there occur lexemes whose form does not change throughout the paradigm, e.g., Russian papa "dad". For such forms, the category uninflected may be assigned. However, Uninflected is not to be confused with BaseForm that applies to forms in a paradigm where overt marking exists. Uninflected is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
version info: For the EMILLE tagset (for Urdu, Hardi 2003), we need the possibility to specify that a lexeme is (un)inflected ([un]marked) *for a specific feature* (e.g., Gender, http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#GenderMarking). At the moment, this cannot be expressed.
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature

inflected
type: Class
version info: Chiarcos
comment: see subclasses
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature

conjugated
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207
comment: Property of a verbal form when inflected (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2207)
subclass of: inflected

inflected with overt marker
type: Class
version info: Chiarcos, motivated by BaseForm in SUSANNE (Sampson 1995) and related schemes; cf. http://purl.org/olia/emille.owl#MarkedForGender
comment: An inflected form with overt morphological marking (as opposed to the base form and lexemes that do not inflect at all).
subclass of: inflected

mixed inflection
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature
comment: German mixed inflection takes its name from the fact that it has endings from both the strong inflection and the weak inflection. The mixed inflection is used after the indefinite article "ein" and after "irgendein" e.g. "(irgend) ein kleines Kind", after "kein" or after possessive pronouns e.g. "ihr kleines Kind". (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Gemischt.html?MenuId=Word3132 20.11.06) Mixed inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.

weak inflection
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
comment: German adjectives take the endings of the weak inflection when a determiner expresses number, gender and case. The weak adjective inflection has only two endings: –e and –en. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Schwach.html 20.11.06) In other Germanic languages, similar systems exist. Weak inflection is a characteristic of lexemes, not individual tokens.
subclass of: InflectionTypeFeature

non separable
type: Class
version info: EAGLES; note that UbyPos extends separability to particles
comment: Non-separable verbs are not composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. (cf. SeparabilityFeature: Separable)
subclass of: SeparabilityFeature

separable
type: Class
version info: EAGLES; note that UbyPos extends separability to particles
comment: A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. In some verb forms, the verb appears in one word, whilst in others the verb stem and the affix are separated. German and Dutch are notable for having many separable verbs. For example, the Dutch verb "aankomen" is a separable verb. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_verb 20.11.06)
subclass of: SeparabilityFeature

StrengthFeature
type: Class
version info: TODO: link with concept hierarchy
version info: TODO: rename to ReductionFeature
version info: merged with http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#AdjectiveFormation, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#ReductionFeature: reduced vs. full inflection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has strength
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has strength
  has self: true
subclass of: MorphologicalFeature

nonreduced inflection
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective
comment: Nonreduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech nejubožejšími/ubohý, nejvyspělejších/vyspělý, nejvyšších/vysoký, nejvznešenějšímu/vznešený, nejvážnějšímu/vážný, nejvýznamnějších/významný, nejvýznamnějšími/významný, nejvýznamnějšímu/významný, největšími/velký (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#CompoundAdjective)
subclass of: StrengthFeature

reduced inflection
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective
comment: Reduced adjective inflection of Slavic languages, e.g., Czech e.g., brillská/brillský, neznámo/neznámý, samo/sám, samy/sám (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NominalAdjective)
subclass of: StrengthFeature

weak
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
subclass of: StrengthFeature
comment: Weak pronouns are helping pronouns many languages have for easily explaining the possessive status of something, to which something belongs. Many languages have different ways to express this. For example, English has distinctive words for all of these: "my", "mine". Germanic languages and Romance languages have the same, but inflect them for gender: (Spanish example) "mío", "mía", "míos" and "mías" ("mine", in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural form, respectively). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_pronoun 20.11.06)

strong
type: Class
version info: EAGLES
version info: TODO: rename to StrongPronoun
comment: Strong pronouns are different from the weak pronouns (cf. StrengthFeature:Weak)
subclass of: StrengthFeature

has separability
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: SeparabilityFeature

has strength
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
domain: pronoun or determiner
range: StrengthFeature

has inflection type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: InflectionTypeFeature

has reduplication type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
version info: cf. http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2240
range: ReduplicationTypeFeature

LexicalUnit
type: Class
version info: introduced as a generalization over Lexeme, Phraseme (as opposed to phrase) and Proverb (as opposed to utterance) with the extension to lexical-semantic resources like Uby and lexinfo
comment: A LexicalUnit is a grammatical expression that is known to the speakers of that language as a conventional expression of a particular concept. It consists of a single lexeme or a conventional combination of lexemes with certain unchangeable characteristics (CC).
subclass of: SemanticUnit

Ideophone
type: Class
comment: Ideophones are marked words that depict sensory imagery.
subclass of: SemanticUnit

Frame
type: Class
version info: Introduced to account for semantic frames in lexinfo, note that full-fledged semantic role annotation is subject to specialized resources (FrameNet, Verbnet, etc.) and beyond the scope of OLiA. For compliance with lexinfo, however, these have been added to OLiA.
comment: According to "Frame Semantics, deriving from the work of Charles J. Fillmore and colleagues (Fillmore 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985, Fillmore and Baker 2001, 2010) ... [,] the meanings of most words can best be understood on the basis of a semantic frame: a description of a type of event, relation, or entity and the participants in it. For example, the concept of cooking typically involves a person doing the cooking (Cook), the food that is to be cooked (Food), something to hold the food while cooking (Container) and a source of heat (Heating_instrument)." (https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/about)
subclass of: LexicalUnit

phraseological unit
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/ubyPos.owl#phraseme (phraseme, no definition), http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-339 (phraseologicalUnit)
comment: Conventional lexical unit consisting of a particular phrase (CC) Any group of two or more words that form a unit, the meaning of which frequently cannot be deduced based on the combined sense of the words making up the phrase. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-339)
label: phraseme
label: multi-word expression
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: LexicalUnit
  intersection of: Phrase
subclass of: FixedExpression

collocation
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Collocation
comment: A collocation is any habitually linked group of words - a kind of lexical partnership, e.g. 'fish and chips', 'salt and pepper', 'don't mention it', 'it's nothing...', 'Oh well!', 'bangers and mash'... and so on. Many idioms or idiomatic phrases exhibit collocation, e.g. in a jiffy. (http://www.englishbiz.co.uk/grammar/main_files/definitionsa-m.htm)
subclass of: SemanticUnit

idiom
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-351
comment: A group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word understood on its own. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-351)
subclass of: collocation

fixed expression
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PartOfFixedExpression
subclass of: collocation
comment: Some forms can only be used in a fixed context, e.g., polsku in po polsku. They are classified as special kinds of adjectives in the IPIC. In the MTE version this information is preserved in the status of a "burkinostka". This term is devised by Magdalena Derwojedowa and refers to dependent words like Burkina which only make sense and can be morphosyntactically identified in a fixed combination (Burkina Faso).
version info: Corresponds to MTE Burkinostka (Adverb/Clitic="burkinostka"; Polish) "Burkinostka was a local joke :). IsPartOfFixedExpression, to be more precise. Or somehow shorter." (Natalia Kotsyba, email 2010/06/21, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#PartOfFixedExpression)

set phrase
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-341
comment: A fixed, lexicalized phrase. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-341) A set phrase or fixed phrase is a phrase whose parts are fixed in a certain order, even if the phrase could be changed without harming the literal meaning. This is because a set phrase is a culturally accepted phrase. A set phrase does not necessarily have any literal meaning in and of itself. Set phrases may function as idioms (e.g. red herring) or as words with a unique referent (e.g. Red Sea). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_phrase, with reference to McArthur, TomsamDam. (1992) The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.)
subclass of: fixed expression
subclass of: phraseme
label: fixed phrase

lexeme
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325
comment: Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexeme.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1325)
subclass of: lexical unit

lexical unit
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticConcept

has animacy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: AnimacyFeature

animate
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911
comment: Perceived as alive. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1911)
subclass of: AnimacyFeature
version info: subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)

inanimate
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952
comment: Perceived as not living. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1952)
subclass of: AnimacyFeature
version info: subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)

other animacy
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953
comment: Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous items. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1953)
subclass of: AnimacyFeature
version info: subClassOf animacy (dcif:conceptualDomain)

human
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Human
subclass of: animate
comment: For Slavic languages, animacy, and in particular, Humanness, defines so-called "sub-genders" that manifest themselves in the accusative ending of masculine and neuter singular nouns. Humans are by definition animate. (http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Human)

PreferredEvaluative
type: Class
comment: An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration.
subclass of: EvaluativeFeature

EvaluativeFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has evaluative feature
  has self: true
subclass of: SemanticFeature

PejorativeEvaluative
type: Class
comment: An evaluative property of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure [Valentine 2001: 190-193].
subclass of: EvaluativeFeature

uncountable
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, remodelling of MassNoun vs. CommonNoun
comment: A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
subclass of: CountabilityFeature

CountabilityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has countability
  has self: true
subclass of: SemanticFeature

countable
type: Class
version info: EAGLES, remodelling of MassNoun vs. CommonNoun
comment: A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc.. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
subclass of: CountabilityFeature

SemanticRole
type: Class
version info: TODO: Check subcategorization in MacroRoles. Currently, this follows the TDS ontology, but the strict assignment of semantic roles to macroroles contradicts the selection algorithm as described by van Valin and Lapolla (1997): MacroRoles are not assigned a priori, but on on the basis of *relative agentivity* among the arguments.
version info: One may consider modelling SemanticRoles and discourse relations within the same dimension. In particular, the semantics of adverbial modifiers (causal, temporal, 3al, etc.) closely resembles discourse relations.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has semantic role
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has semantic role
  has self: true
subclass of: SemanticFeature

actor macro role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#actorRole
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: The most agentive semantic role of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), designated subject (from a semantic point of view)

addressee role
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB vocative, Bies et al. 1995
comment: -VOC (vocative) — marks nouns of address, regardless of their position in the sentence. It is not coindexed to the subject and does not get -TPC when it is sentence-initial. (SQ (NP-VOC Mike) , would (NP-SBJ you) (INTJ please) (VP close (NP the door)) ?) (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: SemanticRole

comitative role
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with TIGER edge labels, this is explicitly not defined as a grammatical case
version info: TODO: Check whether to be merged with ComitativeCase
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: Comitative carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Comitative) Comitative applies to an animate entity that accompanies a participant of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.12)

direction role
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
comment: -DIR (direction) â ´ marks adverbials that answer the questions â ¼from where?â ½ and â ¼to where?â ½ It implies motion, which can be metaphorical as in â ¼...rose 5 pts. to 57-1/2â ½ or â ¼increased 70% to 5.8 billion yenâ ½ (see section 23 [â ¼Financialspeakâ ½ Conventions]). -DIR is most often used with verbs of motion/transit and financial verbs: (S (NP-SBJ I) (VP flew (PP-DIR from (NP Tokyo)) (PP-DIR to (NP New York)))) (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: SemanticRole

extent role
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. (1995)
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: -EXT (extent) â ´ marks adverbial phrases that describe the spatial extent of an activity. -EXT was incorporated primarily for cases of movement in financial space, but is also used in analogous situations elsewhere. (S (NP-SBJ the Dow Jones Industrial Average) (VP plunged (NP-EXT 190.58 points))) (S (NP-SBJ She) (VP walked (NP-EXT 5 miles))) Obligatory complements do not receive -EXT: (S (NP-SBJ The sumo wrestler) (VP gained (NP 80 pounds))) Words such as fully and completely are absolutes and do not receive -EXT. (Bies et al. 1995)

goal role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole
comment: A goal role instantiates the (intended) end location (directional path) of an event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#goalRole)
subclass of: SemanticRole

instrument role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#instrumentRole, cf. TIGER edge label "Instrumental"
comment: SemanticRole added in conformance with TIGER
subclass of: SemanticRole

location role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#locationRole, cf. the TIGER edge label "Locative"
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: Semantic role for the final location of action or a time of the action. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1326) Adverbials that indicate place/setting of the event. (PP-LOC on (NP the moon)) May also indicate metaphorical location: (PP-LOC amongst (NP yourselves)) (Bies et al. 1995)

oblique role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueRole
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: A semantic role which is not straightforward. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#obliqueCase)

path role
type: Class
version info: added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier)
comment: added in accordance with TIGER way (directional modifier)
subclass of: direction role

possessor role
type: Class
subclass of: SemanticRole
version info: added in conformance with Stanford Parser Dependency Labels
comment: Semantic role as used by the Stanford Dependency Parser

purpose role
type: Class
comment: -PRP (purpose or reason) â ´ marks purpose or reason clauses and PPs. (Bies et al. 1995)
subclass of: SemanticRole
version info: added in conformance with PTB bracketing guidelines (Bies et al. 1995)

source role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole
subclass of: direction role
comment: A source role instantiates the origin of an event or entity. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#sourceRole)

target role
type: Class
version info: added as counterpart of SourceRole, see there
subclass of: direction role
comment: The target role instantiates the destination of an event or entity.

time role
type: Class
subclass of: SemanticRole
version info: added in conformance with Stanford Parser Dependency Label TIME and SFB632 annotation guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007)
comment: Semantic role corresponding to the label "TIME" used by the Stanford Dependency Parser. Time covers a point or an interval of time at which the action takes place. (Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.9) -TMP (temporal) — marks temporal or aspectual adverbials that answer the questions when, how often, or how long. It has some uses that are not strictly adverbial, such as with dates that modify other NPs (see section 11 [Modification of NP]). (Bies et al. 1995)

manner role
type: Class
comment: Manner applies to constituents that denote how something is carried out. Adverbs may also denote manner, however, they are not annotated at any of the syntactic layers. (Dipper et al. 2007, §5.3.11)
version info: added in conformance with the SFB632 annotation scheme (Dipper et al. 2007)
subclass of: SemanticRole

cause role
type: Class
comment: Cause indicates the reason why something happens and is often expressed by a PP (because of, with, through etc.). Sometimes this role is close to the role of Instrument. The criterion for the choice of tag CAUSE is if the expression can be paraphrased through a clausal subordinate clause. (Dipper et al. 2007, 5.3.10)
subclass of: SemanticRole
version info: added in conformance with the SFB632 Annotation Guidelines (Dipper et al. 2007)

undergoer macro role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#undergoerRole
comment: The least agentive argument of the current clause (van Valin and Lapolla 1997), the designated object (from a semantic perspective).
subclass of: SemanticRole

condition role
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#ConditionalAdverb
comment: Adverbial that denotes a condition. (Petrova and Odebrecht 2011)
subclass of: SemanticRole

experiencer role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole, originally a subconcept of UndergoerMacroRole
comment: An experiencer instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who takes the event in through sensory means in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#experiencerRole)
subclass of: undergoer macro role

benefactor role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole
comment: A beneficiary (benefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to benefit in some way from the event. Prototypically “benefit” here means “to do or be good to, to be of advantage or profit to; to improve, help forward” in some way. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#beneficiaryRole)
subclass of: undergoer macro role

processed role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole
comment: The entity that undergoes a Process (Dik, 1997:118). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#processedRole)
subclass of: undergoer macro role

patient role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole
subclass of: undergoer macro role
comment: A patient instantiates the role of an entity which undergoes a change of state (Cruse 2000:284) http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#patientRole

malefactor role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole
subclass of: undergoer macro role
comment: A maleficiary (malefactor) instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who stands to undergoe a misfortune, or be at a disadvantage in some way from the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#maleficiaryRole)

recipient role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole
comment: A recipient instantiates the role of an entity (usually animate) who recieves an entity in some way from the event. Prototypically “recieve” here means “to take in one’s hand, or into one’s possession (something held out or offered by another); to take delivery of (a thing) from another” in some way. (OED) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#recipientRole)
subclass of: undergoer macro role

theme role
type: Class
version info: added in conformance with SFB632 Theme
version info: TODO: check definition, AFAIK Theme also applies to the third (non-ACTOR, non-UNDERGOER) argument (Ch. Chiarcos)
comment: Theme is a general term covering the notions of patient that means an entity affected by the action, of result that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action, or of theme that means an entity effected by the action, i.e. which emerges out of the action. (Dipper et al. 2007: §5.3.3)
subclass of: SemanticRole

positioner role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole
comment: The entity controlling a Position (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#positionerRole)
subclass of: actor macro role

force role
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole
comment: A force role is one in which the instantiator (the “force”) exerts some degree of energy which initiates (or impacts on) the execution of the event. In contrast to an agent, an instantitor of a force may be an inanimate entity, such as a climactic condition. The non-controlling entity instigating a Process (=Dynamism or Change) (Dik, 1997:118) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#forceRole)
subclass of: actor macro role

agent role
type: Class
subclass of: actor macro role
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole
comment: An agentive role is one in which the actor exerts some degree of will(-power) in the execution of the event. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#agentRole)

homonym
type: Class
comment: Word that sounds the same and is written the same as another word but is different in meaning.
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: LexicalRelation

homophone
type: Class
comment: Word that sounds like another word, but is different in writiing or meaning.
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: LexicalRelation

Homograph
type: Class
comment: Word that is written like another, but that has a different pronunciation, meaning, and/or origin.
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: LexicalRelation

ExpansionVariation
type: Class
comment: Description of the kind of variation between full and abbreviated forms.
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: LexicalRelation

has semantic valency
type: ObjectProperty
version info: Ch. Chiarcos
comment: Semantic valency pertains to the number of semantic arguments a predicate takes. This is not necessarily the same as syntactic valency: In English, expletive "it" is used as a syntactic argument if no semantic argument is available, cf. van Valin and Lapolla (1997).
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ValencyFeature

has countability
type: ObjectProperty
domain: noun
range: CountabilityFeature
sub property of: hasFeature

has evaluative feature
type: ObjectProperty
range: EvaluativeFeature
sub property of: hasFeature

has semantic role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: SemanticRole

ModalityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has modality
  has self: true
version info: Mood feature pertains to grammaticalized moods (as expressed in verbal inflection), Modality refers to the underlying concept that can also be manifested by other grammatical or orthographic markers
version info: note that Modality overlaps with SentenceType (cf. InterrogativeModality besides Question, DeclarativeModality vs. DeclarativeSentence, etc.). The main difference between both is the restriction of SentenceType to full sentences as a basis of analysis. Any updates should maintain this relationship.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has modality
  has self: true
subclass of: SemanticFeature

abilitative modality
type: Class
version info: Adopted from ILPOSTS (for Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#AbilitativeMood
comment: modality expressed by AbilitativeMood: Abilitative is a mood that indicates ability, comparable to the use of "can" in English. (http://zbb.spinnwebe.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=34901)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

PhysicalAbilitiveModality
type: Class
comment: PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action. [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77]
subclass of: AbilitativeModality

actional force
type: Class
comment: ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Actional force subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory force.
subclass of: ModalityFeature

hortative force
type: Class
comment: A term sometimes used in the grammatical analysis of verbs, to refer to a type of modal meaning in which an exhortation is made. An example of a hortative usage ('a hortative') is the 'let us' construction in English ('let us pray'). [Crystal 2008: 232] (http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2010/HortatoryForce)
subclass of: actional force

commissive force
type: Class
comment: CommissiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 10, 72].
subclass of: actional force

imperative modality
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality
subclass of: actional force
comment: Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a command, request, or exhortation (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#imperativeModality)

volitive force
type: Class
comment: VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action [Palmer 2001: 76].
subclass of: ModalityFeature

RelativeModality
type: Class
comment: Mood to express reported speech (or indirect speech) as opposed to direct speech.
version info: Clarify relationship with DirectSpeech
subclass of: ModalityFeature

evaluative property
type: Class
comment: EvaluativeProperty: A term used in semantics for a type of modality where propositions express the speaker's attitude (e.g. surprise, regret) towards what is being said. [Crystal 2003: 168]
subclass of: ModalityFeature

PermissiveModality
type: Class
comment: PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Palmer 2001: 10, 71].
subclass of: ModalityFeature

MentalAbilitiveModality
type: Class
comment: MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77].
subclass of: abilitative modality

ObligativeModality
type: Class
comment: ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71].
subclass of: ModalityFeature

WeakObligativeModality
type: Class
comment: WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate [Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187].
subclass of: ObligativeModality

EpistemicPossibilityModality
type: Class
comment: EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true.
subclass of: ModalityFeature

categorical modality
type: Class
label: epistemic necessitiy modality
comment: EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality [Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69].
subclass of: ModalityFeature

admonitive modality
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality
comment: Expression of warning (Bybee 1985:22) (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#admonitiveModality)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

DebitiveModality
type: Class
comment: Mood to express necessity or requirement
subclass of: ModalityFeature

causal modality
type: Class
subclass of: ModalityFeature
version info: Nowak (1996)
comment: In Inuktitut, causality is expressed by verbal inflection. Causal mood signifies causal relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.

declarative modality
type: Class
version info: generalization over DeclarativeMood
comment: Pertaining to the mood or mode of a verb form or clause such that it predicates a type of (formal) assertion (OED). (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#declarativeModality)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

dubitive modality
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive
subclass of: ModalityFeature
comment: DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Dubitive)

quotative modality
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Quotative, MTE VForm="quotative" (Estonian)
subclass of: ModalityFeature
comment: A quotative is grammatical device to mark reported speech in some languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotative), e.g., in Estonian. ‘Reportedly, while he was going (in his boat), he turned over.’ Ta olevat oma paadiga ümber läinud He was_QUOTATIVE his_own boat_WITH over gone. (Estonian translation of an example given under http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuotativeEvidential.htm) (Heiki-Jaan.Kaalep, email 2010/06/22)

interrogative modality
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality
comment: The interrogative modality serves to indicate interrogative quality. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#interrogativeModality)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

optative modality
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#optativeModality
comment: Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Optative)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

subjunctive modality
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Subjunctive, http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subjunctiveModality
comment: The subjunctive is the mood that is minimally marked as opposed to the indicative and that marks a clause as not directly representing an assertion of the speaker. (http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Subjunktiv 18.06.07)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

timitive modality
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive
comment: TimitiveMood expresses that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22). (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Timitive)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

irrealis modality
type: Class
version info: http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality
comment: Irrealis modality indicates the situation to which it pertains is non-actual or non-factual. (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#irrealisModality)
subclass of: ModalityFeature

presumptive modality
type: Class
version info: adopted from ILPOSTS (http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#PresumptiveMood) for Indian languages
comment: The presumptive mood is used in Romanian to express presupposition or hypothesis regarding the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. For example, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear". De-o fi una, de-o fi alta... Ce e scris și pentru noi, Bucuroși le-om duce toate, de e pace, de-i război. Be it one, be it the other... Whatever fate we have, We will gladly go through all, be it peace or be it war (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive)
subclass of: IrrealisModality

conditional
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258
comment: In Inuktitut, conditionality is expressed by verbal inflection. Conditional mood signifies conditional relationships in a sentence. (Nowak 1996, p.39) A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConditionalRelation.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1258) Elke Nowak (1996), Transforming the images: Ergativity and transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
subclass of: ModalityFeature
version info: subClassOf verbFormMood (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: conditional modality

conditional realis modality
type: Class
version info: ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#Real is restricted to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
comment: Conditional Mood (modality) with Realis meaning (ILPOSTS)
subclass of: ConditionalModality

conditional irrealis modality
type: Class
version info: ILPOSTS (Indian languages), http://purl.org/olia/ilposts.owl#NonReal is restricted to conditional participles, hence probably a subtype of ConditionalMood
comment: Conditional Mood (modality) with Irrealis meaning (ILPOSTS)
subclass of: ConditionalModality

PolarityFeature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has polarity
  has self: true
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has polarity
  has self: true
subclass of: SemanticFeature

negative
type: Class
comment: denotes the negation or the absence (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1839) http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#Negated: Negative="yes" encodes negative verbal word-forms in Slavic languages and Estonian. (MTE v4) In Slovak, for example, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "byť" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, Slovak "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'n' except for two verbs: 'nïman' / not to have, 'nïsi' / not to be. (MTE v4)
subclass of: PolarityFeature
label: negation

non negated
type: Class
version info: http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated
subclass of: PolarityFeature
comment: Non-negated verbs carry no morphological marks of negation. In Resian, negative is always marked as 'no' except for two verbs: 'nïman' / not to have, 'nïsi' / not to be. In Slovak, verbs form negative by prefix 'ne-', with the exception of the verb "byť" (E. "to be") which forms the negative in indicative by using separate particle "nie", e.g. "nie je" (is not). Here, "je" would be marked as negative, despite having positive form. (MTE v4, http://purl.org/olia/mte/multext-east.owl#NonNegated)

has modality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ModalityFeature

has polarity
type: ObjectProperty
range: PolarityFeature
sub property of: hasFeature
sub property of: has semantic feature

Script
type: Class
comment: Set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more languages.
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

radical
type: Class
comment: A basic identifiable component of every CJKV character, often found on the left side of the character, that sometimes gives a rough indication of meaning and is used for collating lexical and terminological resources. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-296)
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

syllable
type: Class
version info: TODO: consider creating an olia:PhonologicalCategory for syllables
comment: A unit of spoken language that is next bigger than a speech sound and consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant sounds preceding or following. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-297)
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

character
type: Class
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

space
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189
comment: Empty area between words, lines or columns (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2189)
subclass of: graphical separator
subclass of: entity type
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time corresponds to nerd:Location
label: LOC
label: location
label: place

graphical separator
type: Class

GraphicalSeparator
type: Class
comment: Character string that appears between two written forms
subclass of: character

letter
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889
comment: Letter. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1889)
subclass of: character

String
type: Class
comment: Character string to be interpreted in context
subclass of: OrthographicEntity
version info: Introduced as a generalization over numeralRoman which is orthographically defined but not a single character

RomanNumeral
type: Class
comment: Numeral expressed with roman digits.
subclass of: numeral
subclass of: string

DigitNumeral
type: Class
comment: Numeral expressed by Arabic digits.
subclass of: numeral
subclass of: string

LetterNumeral
type: Class
comment: Numeral expressed with letters.
subclass of: numeral
subclass of: string

diacritic
type: Class
subclass of: OrthographicEntity

macron
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327
comment: Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity. (www.southwestern.edu/~carlg/Latin_Web/glossary.html; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1327)
subclass of: diacritic

text
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847
comment: Series of sentences expressed in a natural language. (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1847)
subclass of: OrthographicEntity
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: The schema Text is used to link the main body of the text to other structural elements of the document, such as a FOOTNOTE, SOURCE, HEADING, etc. This schema is used only if the entire body of the text should be linked to another schema. If only a subsection of the text is relevant, the schema SECTIONTEXT is used instead. Occasionally, a WSJ document contains more than one article. In that case, the schema TEXT may be used, for example to link a TITLE and TEXT for each of the three articles included within a single document (see example below under 13. Title). (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

elision
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277
comment: The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=elision; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1277)
subclass of: PhonologicalProcess

apocopate
type: Class
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254
comment: deletion of the final element in a word (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2254)
label: apocope
subclass of: PhonologicalProcess

inverse of
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: if two asymmetric discourse relations are equivalent in their definition and differ only in their nuclearity, they should be connected by this relation. This is used systematically to capture the dependencies between argument roles in ISO.

denotates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: markable
range: discourse entity
comment: Relation between linguistic expressions and their semantic content.

has attribution source
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: Class
  union of: discourse relation
  union of: argument (PDTB)
range: attribution source

has bridging type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: Class
  union of: bridging relation
  union of: referring expression
range: bridging type

has pragmatic feature
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: discourse entity
  union of: markable
  union of: pragmatic relation
range: pragmatic feature
comment: Relation between discourse entities and pragmatic features, and (mediated by the denotates relationship) between markables and pragmatic features.

has discourse function
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: discourse relation
range: discourse function

has discourse structural pattern
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: discourse relation
range: discourse structural pattern

has entity type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has semantic feature

has factuality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has semantic feature

has information status
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: Class
  union of: discourse referent
  union of: referring expression
range: information status
comment: Relation between discourse referents and information status, and (mediated by the denotates relationship) between referring expressions and information status.

has referent type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: ReferentTypeFeature
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1376 (referentType)

has referentiality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has semantic feature

has register
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: RegisterFeature
comment: Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1988

has semantic feature
type: ObjectProperty

has source
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: pragmatic relation
range: Class
  union of: pragmatic unit
  union of: annotation unit

has structural focus type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has pragmatic feature
domain: focus
range: structural focus type

has target
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: pragmatic relation
range: Class
  union of: pragmatic unit
  union of: annotation unit

has usage
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasFeature
range: UsageAndFrequencyFeature
comment: The relative commonness with which a term occurs. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1965

discourse entity
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic unit
comment: A cognitive and informational unit a hearer needs to construct in order to interpret a given stretch of discourse correctly.
comment: Often, discourse entity is used as a synonym of discourse referent (e.g., Prince 1982), but here, a more general definition is adopted for the generalization over discourse referents, propositions and discourse segments.

pragmatic feature
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticConcept
subclass of: Feature
comment: Note that "pragmatics" is used in a broad sense as opposed to semantics, hence discourse annotations are in its scope.

RST Schema
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticConcept
comment: Text structure relates to the physical features of text as it is laid out for reading. This includes the arrangement of sentences and paragraphs, and other aspects of the ordering of information in reading materials. (https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Text_structure)
comment: Structural elements of the organization of a text, such as a title, author, signature block, or the body of the text itself. (Carlson and Marcu 2001, definition of "Schema" in Rhetorical Structure Theory, cf. Mann and Thompson 1988)
label: text structural unit
label: text-structural unit
version info: extended to also serve as generalization over Boilerplate, Headline etc.
version info: subClasses adopted from classification of RST schemata by Marcu and Carlson (2001)

aboutness topic
type: Class
subclass of: topic
comment: The entity that an utterance is construed about. (Reinhart 1982, Lambrecht 1994)

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: When a separate section of a document contains an abstract or summary of the document, this schema should be used. If, within the text of the article, a sentence or paragraph adequately summarizes the document, then the relation SUMMARY-S or SUMMARY-N should be selected. The schema ABSTRACT is reserved for a summary which is separate from the body of the text itself. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

abstract entity
type: Class
subclass of: entity type
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time It is not quite clear how Poesio and Artstein defined the category, but we assume that is applies to situations rather than entities proper. According, nerd:Event is assumed to be a sub-class.

accessible
type: Class
subclass of: information status
comment: A referent is accessible if it has not been previously mentioned, but the hearer has a representation of the referent at the moment the referring expression is encountered. (Prince 1988: "discourse-new, but hearer old")

achievement
type: Class
subclass of: consequence
inverse of: Means
comment: ISO Manner is an asymmetric discourse relation in which the means (Arg1) is a way in which the achievement (Arg2) comes about or occurs. Corresponds to ISO Manner with argument achievement. Nucleus is the means.

active
type: Class
subclass of: given
comment: A referent is active if it belongs to a small group of given referents which are particularly salient ("in the focus/center of attention"), typically indicated by pronouns (Chafe 1976, cf. Gundel et al. 1993 "in focus", Levelt 1989 "in focus").

address
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: introduced as a generalization over various NERD "products" that denote different forms of or are parts of an address.

administrative region
type: Class
subclass of: political unit
comment: for nerd:AdministrativeRegion
label: administrative division
label: gouvernmental jurisdiction

adverbial focus
type: Class
subclass of: argument focus
comment: Narrow focus on an adverbial. (Fiedler)

aircraft
type: Class
subclass of: vehicle
comment: for nerd:Aircraft

airline
type: Class
subclass of: company
comment: for nerd:Airline, classified as Company here, but in NERD a subclass of Organozation

airport
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Airport

album
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:Album sub nerd:Product

alternative
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: The connective indicates that its two arguments denote alternative situations. (Prasad et al. 2007)

alternative lexicalization
type: Class
subclass of: cue word
comment: Alternative lexicalization: a discourse relation is inferred, but insertion of an Implicit connective leads to redundancy in its expression due to the relation being alternatively lexicalized by some other expression. These are cases where a discourse relation is inferred between adjacent sentences but where providing an Implicit connective leads to redundancy in the expression of the relation. This is because the relation is alternatively lexicalized by some “non-connective expression”. Such expressions include (1) those which have two parts, one referring to the relation and another anaphorically to Arg1; (2) those which have just one part referring anaphorically to Arg1; (3) those which have just one part referring to the relation.

ambassador
type: Class
subclass of: politician
comment: for nerd:Ambassador, originally sub Person, here sub Politician; cf. extractic:AMBASSADOR

amount
type: Class
subclass of: entity type
comment: for NERD core class Amount

analogy RST
type: Class
subclass of: non contrastive comparison
comment: In an ANALOGY relation, two textual spans, often quite dissimilar, are set in correspondence in some respects. An analogy contains an inference that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects, they will probably agree in other respects. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: analogy (RST)

anaphoric relation
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic relation

animal
type: Class
subclass of: animate entity
comment: for NERD core class Animal

animate entity
type: Class
subclass of: concrete entity

antithesis
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: contrast
  intersection of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: contrast
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: RST: The situation presented in the nucleus comes in contrast with the situation presented in the satellite. The contrast may happen in only one or few respects, while everything else can remain the same in other respects. An ANTITHESIS relation is always mononuclear -- it is a contrastive relation that distinguishes clearly between the nuclearity of its arguments. It differs from the mononuclear CONCESSION relation, which is characterized by a violated expectation. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Markers are "although", "however", and "while". Axiomatization follows SemDok
version info: Supersedes Antithesis_RST. Also used in SemDok.

antithesis RST
type: Class
subclass of: antithesis
comment: superseded by Antithesis, maintained only for backward-compatibility.
label: antithesis (RST)
deprecated: true

apellation
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
comment: A designation that represents an individual concept. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-347) A verbal designation of an individual, unique concept, e. g. Mount Everest, Nobel Prize (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_(disambiguation))
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-347

architect
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Architect. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

architectural feature
type: Class
subclass of: space
comment: introduced as generalization over nerd:Space subclasses that describe buildings, groups of buldings or functional spaces within cities (e.g., park, which results from landscape architecture). Unlike GeographicalFeatures (which are mostly natural) and PoliticalUnits (which are abstract), architectural features result from manual construction efforts. Note that we include roads (as a result of planned human activity, and often, construction, but not channels (all waterways are considered geographical; a channel is a natural body of water that is only redirected by means of a manual construction).

argument focus
type: Class
subclass of: narrow focus
comment: Narrow focus on one single non-verbal constituent in the focus. Corresponding to "narrow focus" (van Valin & Lapolla 1997), or "argument focus" (Lambrecht 1994). "Term focus" as suggested by Güldemann & Fiedler would be more precise (adverbials also fall in this group, but no verbs).

article top-level schema
type: Class
subclass of: schema
comment: cf. SemDok ArticleTopLevelSchema
label: article top level schema

artist
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Artist, zemanata:artist

assertion
type: Class
subclass of: proposition
comment: Assertion proposition AOs are associated with a communication type of attribution (“Comm” for short), conveyed by standard verbs of communication (Levin, 1993) such as say, mention, claim, argue, explain etc. (Prasad et al. 2007)

interpretative evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: Assessment is introduced here as a generalization over RST relations like COMMENT, EVALUATION, INTERPRETATION etc. where a subjective, objective or neutral assessment of the information represented in the nucleus is expressed in the satellite. (Ch. Chiarcos) It corresponds to SemDok InterpretativeEvaluation, except that assessment is underspecified with respect to nuclearity whereas .
label: assessment

astronaut
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Astronaut. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

temporal sequence
type: Class
subclass of: temporal relation
comment: The situations described in the two arguments are temporally ordered. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: asynchronous relation

athlete
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: introduced as generalization over nerd:SoccerPlayer, nerd:TennisPlayer. As these are, however, not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

attribution
type: Class
subclass of: textual organizational relation
comment: The relation of attribution is a relation of “ownership” between abstract objects and individuals or agents. That is, attribution has to do with ascribing beliefs and assertions expressed in text to the agent(s) holding or making them (Riloff and Wiebe, 2003; Wiebe et al., 2004, 2005). (Prasad et al. 2007) Instances of reported speech, both direct and indirect, should be marked for the rhetorical relation of ATTRIBUTION. The satellite is the source of the attribution (a clause con- taining a reporting verb, or a phrase beginning with according to), and the nucleus is the content of the reported message (which must be in a separate clause). The ATTRIBUTION relation is also used with cognitive predicates, to include feelings, thoughts, hopes, etc. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) The Satellite attributes the Nucleus to a source. (Wolf et al. 2003) Note that SemDok groups Attribution and Citation with Support and thus not a textual, but a presentational relation. However, we adopt the PDTB perspective in that attribution is to be modelled separately, and in accordance with its usage in text, consider it a textual device rather than a presentational relation. cf. SemDok Attribution

attribution source
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature
comment: Classification of Attribute relations with respect to different types of agents that act as source of Attribution. (Prasad et al. 2007)

author
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: Most of the time, the WSJ articles in our corpus did not include title and author information. However, in a small number of cases, a line about the author was included at the end of the text. In such cases, the schema Author was used to link this with the rest of the text. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

author attribution source
type: Class
subclass of: attribution source
comment: Source is writer of text (Prasad et al. 2007)

automobile
type: Class
subclass of: vehicle
comment: for nerd:Automobile
label: automobile model

background
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: EXPANSION.Background applies when the argument that is syntactically associated with the connective describes prior eventualities which are background information of the other argument. (Al-Saif and Markert 2010) cf. RST Background: In a BACKGROUND relation, the satellite establishes the context or the grounds with respect to which the nucleus is to be interpreted. Understanding the satellite helps the reader understand the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) We follow SemDok in assuming that Background is an interpersonal (presentational) relation.

background RST
type: Class
subclass of: background
comment: In a BACKGROUND relation, the satellite establishes the context or the grounds with respect to which the nucleus is to be interpreted. Understanding the satellite helps the reader understand the nucleus. The satellite IS NOT the cause/reason/motivation of the situation pre- sented in the nucleus. The reader/writer intentions are irrelevant in determining whether such a relation holds. In contrast with the CIRCUMSTANCE relation, the information or the context of the BACKGROUND relation is not always specified clearly or delimited sharply. Hence, the CIRCUM- STANCE relation is stronger than BACKGROUND. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Equivalent to SemDok Background. The superclass Background is more generic than the SemDok class in that it also covers the SemDok class Preparation. However, SemDoc concepts are undefined, so details are hard to make out.
label: background (RST)

band
type: Class
subclass of: musical ensemble
comment: for nerd:Band
label: music group

belief
type: Class
subclass of: proposition
comment: Belief proposition AOs are associated with a “belief” type of attribution, conveyed by propositional attitude verbs (Hintikka, 1971) such as believe, think, expect, suppose, imagine, etc. (Prasad et al. 2007, for PDTB)

bench-level register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register of terms used in applications-oriented as opposed to theoretical or academic levels of language. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-427)
label: shop term
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1989, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-427
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: bench level register

bird
type: Class
subclass of: animal
comment: for nerd:Bird and extractiv:BIRD

boilerplate
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: A fixed chunk of recurring text. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-343) Boilerplate text, or simply boilerplate, is any written text (copy) that can be reused in new contexts or applications without significant changes to the original. The term is used in reference to statements, contracts and computer code ... In contract law, the term "boilerplate language" or "boilerplate clause" describes the parts of a contract that are considered standard. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_text)
label: Textbaustein @de
label: boilerplate text
label: standard text
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-343

book
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:Book sub nerd;Product

bridge
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Bridge

bridging relation
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic relation
comment: cf. SemDok BridgingRelation

bridging type
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature
comment: Types of textual inference, presupposes Inferrable InformationStatus

broadcast
type: Class
subclass of: broadcasting organization
comment: for nerd:Broadcast sub nerd:Organization Note: As there is no definition given, it is not fully clear what this is supposed to mean. I assume this means Broadcast*er*, not the Broadcast itself, but if so, RatioStation and TVStation should be sub-classes. Because of the unclear semantics and the lack of a link within NERD, this is marked as deprecated.
deprecated: true

broadcasting organization
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: Generalization over nerd:TVStation and nerd:RadioStation. nerd:Broadcast may have meant the same, but it has unclear semantics in NERD.

canal
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Canal

cause
type: Class
subclass of: cause-result
comment: As the semantics/pragmatics differentiation of PDTB relations does not exactly correspond to the subject-matter/presentational distinction in RST, Cause is introduced as a generalization over SemanticCause and PragmaticCause. This generalization is in line with (and inspired by) the ISO Core DRels (Bunt and Prasad, ISA-12).

result
type: Class
subclass of: result/purpose
comment: PDTB "Result": The situation in Arg2 is the effect brought about by the situation described in Arg1. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: cause precedes effect (PDTB)
label: cause precedes effect PDTB

cause result RST
type: Class
subclass of: cause
subclass of: coordination
subclass of: subject matter relation
comment: This is a causal relation in which two EDUs, one representing the cause and the other representing the result, are of equal importance or weight. The multinuclear relations CAUSE-RESULT and CONSEQUENCE are similar. The former should be selected when the causality is perceived as being more direct, while the latter is reserved for a more indirect causal connection. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Corresponds to SemDok CauseResult-multi
label: cause result (RST)

cause RST
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: reason
comment: RST "CAUSE": The situation presented in the nucleus is the cause of the situation presented in the satellite. The cause, which is the nucleus, is the most important part. The satellite represents the result of the action. The intention of the writer is to emphasize the cause. When the result is the nucleus, the mononuclear relation RESULT should be selected. When it is not clear whether the cause or result is more important, select the multinuclear relation CAUSE-RESULT. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: cause (RST)

celebrity
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Celebrity. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

chosen alternative PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: favoured alternative
comment: The connective indicates that two alternatives are evoked in the discourse but only one is taken. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: chosen alternative (PDTB)

circumstance
type: Class
subclass of: background
subclass of: subject matter relation
subclass of: synchronous relation
comment: The situation presented in the satellite provides the context in which the situation presented in the nucleus should be interpreted. The satellite IS NOT the cause/reason/motivation of the situation presented in the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) S is not unrealized; S sets a framework in the subject matter within which R is intended to interpret N (Mann and Taboada 2010) Note that this is not an RST-specific relation because of its use in SemDok. Axiomatization follows SemDok
version info: Defined as a SynchronousRelation because of its association with the discourse marker "while", cf. Prasad et al. (2007)

circumstance (RST)
type: Class
subclass of: circumstance
comment: superseded by Circumstance, maintained for backward compatibility
deprecated: true
label: circumstance RST

citation
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: introduced for SemDok Citation. However, we consider Citation not as a rhetorical relation, but as a structural element in the text that can serve different purposes (discourse relations). These purposes correspond to the subclasses of Citation in SemDok, and these subclasses are thus in the intersection between OLiA Citation and the discourse relation that corresponds to their respective function,

citation/attribution
type: Class
subclass of: attribution
subclass of: citation
comment: cf. SemDok Citation-attribution
label: citation attribution

citation/evidence
type: Class
subclass of: citation
subclass of: evidence
comment: cf. SemDok Citation-evidence
label: citation evidence

citation/self
type: Class
subclass of: citation
subclass of: support
comment: SemDok Citation-self, subclass of Support
label: citation self

city
type: Class
subclass of: political unit
comment: for nerd:City

coherence relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse relation
disjoint with: entity based relation
disjoint with: textual organizational relation
comment: CoherenceRelation is used here as a synonym of PDTB "coherence relation". RST "discourse relation", however, is broader.

column title
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: This schema refers to the name of a regularly featured column in the paper, and should be used when the paper begins by presenting a TITLE, COLUMN-TITLE and AUTHOR. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

comics character
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:ComicsCharacter. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

comment topic
type: Class
subclass of: progression
comment: introduced in analogy with TopicComment as generalization over CommentTopic_RST

comment topic RST
type: Class
subclass of: comment topic
subclass of: coordination
comment: A specific remark is made on a topic or statement, after which the topic itself is identified. This relation is always multinuclear, as both spans are necessary to understand the context. When the spans occur in the reverse order, with the topic preceding the comment, the relation TOPIC-COMMENT is selected. While COMMENT-TOPIC is not a frequently used device in English, it is seen in news reporting, for example, when someone makes a statement, after which a reference is given to help the reader interpret the context of the statement. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: comment topic (RST)

comment RST
type: Class
subclass of: interpretative evaluation
comment: In a COMMENT relation, the satellite constitutes a subjective remark on a previous segment of the text. It is not an evaluation or an interpretation. The comment is usually presented from a perspective that is outside of the elements in focus in the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: comment (RST)

commonly used
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Said of a term that appears frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1984
version info: subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)

company
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: for nerd:Company
label: company name

comparison
type: Class
subclass of: coherence relation
comment: The connective indicates that a discourse relation is established between Arg1 and Arg2 in order to highlight prominent differences between the two situations. Semantically, the truth of both arguments is independent of the connective or the established relation. (Prasad et al. 2007) cf. Resemblance (Wolf et al. 2003): Resemblance relations establish commonalities and contrasts between corresponding (sets of) discourse entities or properties (Kehler (2002)). Corresponding (sets of) discourse entities or properties are usually syntactically and / or semantically parallel.

comparison RST
type: Class
subclass of: non contrastive comparison
comment: Two textual spans are compared along some dimension, which can be abstract. The relations can convey that some abstract entities that pertain to the comparison relation are similar, different, greater-than, less-than, etc. In the case of a comparison relation, the spans, entities, etc. are not in contrast. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: comparison (RST)

complex discourse segment
type: Class
subclass of: argument (PDTB)
comment: from SemDok SemDok also defines three sub-classes: CDS-block, CDS-div, CDS-doc. It seems these refer to the structure of XML documents, and without definitions, these have not been adopted here.

concession
type: Class
subclass of: contrast
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: contrast
  intersection of: asymmetrical coherence relation
  intersection of: interpersonal relation
comment: One of the arguments describes a situation A which causes C, while the other asserts (or implies) the complement of C. (Prasad et al. 2007) The situation indicated in the nucleus is contrary to expectation in the light of the information presented in the satellite. In other words, a CONCESSION relation is always characterized by a violated expectation. In some cases, which text span is the satellite and which is the nucleus do not depend on the semantics of the spans, but rather on the intention of the writer. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) A typical marker is "although" (in PTDB and RSTDTB). Axiomatization follows SemDok Concession (subclass of Contrast). We follow SemDok in assuming that Concession is always hypotactic (mononuclear), although this is not explicit in the PDTB definitions.
label: violated expectation

conclusion RST
type: Class
subclass of: cause-result
subclass of: Class
  union of: cause
  union of: condition
comment: In a CONCLUSION relation, the satellite presents a final statement that wraps up the situation presented in the nucleus. A CONCLUSION satellite is a reasoned judgment, inference, necessary consequence, or final decision with respect to the situation presented in the nucleus. When the nucleus and satellite are of equal importance, select the multinuclear CONCLUSION. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: conclusion (RST)

concrete entity
type: Class
subclass of: entity type
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time

condition
type: Class
subclass of: cause-result
comment: Note that Condition is undefined with respect to nuclearity. Mononuclear relations are Consequence (condition is nucleus) and Pragmatic / Semantic Condition (condition is satellite). RST-DTB: In a CONDITION relation, the truth of the proposition associated with the nucleus is a consequence of the fulfillment of the condition in the satellite. The satellite presents a situation that is not realized. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) PDGB: the event described in the Nucleus can only take place if the event described in the Satellite also takes place (before or simultaneously with the event described in the Nucleus) (Wolf et al. 2003) PDTB: As the semantics/pragmatics differentiation of PDTB relations does not exactly correspond to the subject-matter/presentational distinction in RST, Condition was originally introduced as a generalization over SemanticCondition and PragmaticCondition. Both SemanticCondition and PragmaticCondition take the condition to be the satellite. ISO: Condition and Negative Condition describe the relation between both arguments, the RST/PDTB/PDGB condition relations correspond to an ISO (Negative) Condition with argument (Negated) Antecedent.

conjunctive PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
comment: The connective indicates that both alternatives hold or are possible. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: conjunctive (PDTB)

consequence
type: Class
subclass of: condition
subclass of: subject matter relation
comment: ISO DR-Core: Condition or Negated Condition, argument Consequent This is an annotation that marks a condition at the consequent rather than the condition, itself. We expect such a relation to require both a consequent and a condition, and that the type of condition is marked at the condition rather at the consequent. Accordinly, Consequence does not have further subclasses, but should be coupled with Condition annotations. Axiomatization follows SemDok Consequence
label: consequent

consequence (RST)
type: Class
subclass of: consequence
comment: In a consequence relation, the situation presented in one span is a consequence of the situation presented in the other span. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) SemDok distinguishes three subtypes, which, however, only differ in nuclearity.
label: consequence RST

contextual variation
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Variation on a particular usage or immediate proximity of words.

cause-result
type: Class
subclass of: coherence relation
comment: The situations are (assumed to be) related by an abstract notion of recurrence or habituality (Carlson and Marcu 2001), often, one of the situations described in Arg1 and Arg2 causally influences the other. (Prasad et al. 2007). cf. Wolf et al.'s "Cause-Effect": Cause-Effect relations establish a causal inference path between discourse segments. Roughly corresponding to SemDok CauseResult. However, this is limited to ideational relations (subject-matter relations), whereas here, we follow PDTB to also include presentaitonal (interpersonal) relations (PragmaticCause).
label: contigency
preferred label: contingency

contigency RST
type: Class
subclass of: habitual cooccurrence
comment: In a CONTINGENCY relation, the satellite suggests an abstract notion of recurrence or habituality. Hence, the expression of time, place, or condition is not the primary focus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: contigency (RST)

continent
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Continent

contra-expectation
type: Class
subclass of: concession
inverse of: Expectation
comment: expectation denier
comment: PDTB COMPARISON/Concession/contra-expectation: Arg1 creates an expectation that Arg2 denies. (Prasad et al. 2007) ISO DR-Core: Concession, argument expectation-denier (Bunt & Prasad, ISA-12)
label: contra expectation
label: contraexpectation
label: counterexpectation

contrast
type: Class
subclass of: contrast
comment: The situations presented in the arguments come in contrast with each other along some dimension. The contrast may happen in only one or few respects, while everything else can remain the same in other respects. Typically, a CONTRAST relation includes a contrastive discourse cue, such as "but", "however", "while". (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Distinguished from PDTB "Contrast" as a generalization over PDTB "Contrast" and "Pragmatic Contrast" (Ch. Chiarcos), This definition is in line with the ISO relation "Contrast" and corresponds to it notably in the exclusion of Concessions,

contrast
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: contrast
  intersection of: coordination
comment: In a CONTRAST relation, two or more nuclei come in contrast with each other along some dimension. The contrast may happen in only one or few respects, while everything else can remain the same in other respects. Typically, a CONTRAST relation includes a contrastive discourse cue, such as but, however, while, whereas a COMPARISON does not. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) No more than two nuclei; the situations in these two nuclei are (a) comprehended as the same in many respects (b) comprehended as differing in a few respects and (c) compared with respect to one or more of these differences (Mann and Taboada 2010). Corresponds to SemDok Contrast-multi
label: contrast (RST)
preferred label: contrast (multi)
label: contrast RST

contrast
type: Class
subclass of: comparison
comment: Generalization over RST/PDTB contrast and concession. Cf. Contrast as defined by Wolf et al. (2003): Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then infer contrasts between members of E(DS0) and E(DS1). • Contrast-1 is a contrast between corresponding predicates in DS0 and DS1. The arguments of these contrasting predicates are identical. • Contrast-2 is a contrast between the arguments of corresponding predicates in DS0 and DS1. The predicates over these contrasting arguments are identical. Corresponds to SemDok Contrast (generalization over Concession, Antithesis and Contrast).
label: contrastive comparison

contrastive focus
type: Class
subclass of: denotation focus
comment: The contrastive focus (cf) is that element of the sentence that evokes a notion of contrast to (an element of) another utterance. (SFB632 guidelines) Contrastive focus may also extend over different domains of an utterance. In alternative questions and the answers to them it covers the whole CP. E.g. WORDS: Is it raining or not ? CFocus: [ _cf It is raining] or [ _cf not]. WORDS: Yes , it is . NFocus: Yes, [ _nf it is]. CFocus: Yes, [ _cf it is]. (5.3) Also referred to as "identificational focus", or "alternative focus".

country
type: Class
subclass of: political unit
comment: for nerd:Country

criminal
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Criminal and extractiv:CRIMINAL

date
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: When a date is provided at the beginning of the document, and it refers to the rest of the article, the DATE schema should be used. It may also be used for subsections of the document. It should be linked to a TEXT or SECTIONTEXT schema. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

definiteness
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: (Semantic) definiteness means that an expression is morphosyntactically marked as hearer-known (definite or pronominal) and the hearer can infer exactly one entity to which this description applies at the current point in discourse, either because it is unique (Russel 1937), or it is the most salient entity in the current situation to which the referring expression may apply (Lewis 1979, v. Heusinger 1996). In particular, most pronuns are also definite as they refer to one particular antecedent.

definition
type: Class
subclass of: interpretative evaluation
comment: Introduced as generalization over Definition_RST and ElaborationDefinition (from SemDok). In fact, these may just be equivalent.

definition RST
type: Class
subclass of: definition
comment: In a DEFINITION relation, the satellite gives a definition of the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: definition (RST)

denotation focus
type: Class
subclass of: focus
comment: Krifka distinguishes between ‘expression focus’ and ‘denotation focus.’ Differences in meaning are only found in the latter kind of focus, on which we concentrate here. ... Some semantic uses of focus are focus-sensitive particles (socalled ‘association with focus’ cases), negations, reason clauses and restrictors of quantifiers. It is important to understand which subclasses of focus can be expressed by grammatical means, even if the distinction is only realized in a small group of languages. In the SFB annotation guidelines, ‘focus’ is subcategorized into new and contrastive. (Féry et al. 2007)

deprecated
type: Class
subclass of: dating
comment: Deprecated Term: A term rated according to the scale of a term acceptability rating as undesired. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-378) Superseded Term: A term that is no longer preferred or admitted. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-379) Obsolete Form: A term or lexeme which is no longer in common use. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-506)
label: deprecated term
label: obsolete
label: obsolete form
label: superseded
label: superseded term

determinate attribution
type: Class
subclass of: attribution
comment: Classification of Attribute relations with respect to their "determinacy", which signals a context that cancels what would otherwise be an entailment of attribution. The determinacy feature captures the fact that the attribution over a relation or argument can itself be cancelled in particular contexts, such as within negated, conditional, and infinitive contexts. Determinate contexts are simply marked by the default “Null”. (Prasad et al. 2007)

dialect register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register that is specific to a dialect. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1990
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

dialog relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse relation
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: added as generalization over ISO FunctionalDependence (response from one interlocutor) and FeedbackDependence (questions, answers and meta communication). Extended to quasi-dialoguous relations (rhetorical questions). Note that PDTB, CCR and RST don't cover dialogue acts. Likewise, SemDok doesn't address dialogs. However, dialog relations clearly have an interpersonal function. Because of the modelling of dialog relations as interpersonal, this entails that they are presentational.

direct speech
type: Class
subclass of: NarrativeType
comment: added in accordance with TIGER
version info: added in accordance with TIGER

discourse adverbial
type: Class
subclass of: explicit connective
comment: adopted from SemDok

discourse function
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature

discourse referent
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has information status
  cardinality: 1
comment: A prototypical object that is referred to in discourse (Karttunen 1972).

discourse relation
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic relation
comment: corresponds to SemDok RhetoricalRelation (but not DiscourseRelation)
comment: Relation between discourse segments. (Mann and Thompson 1988) In order to distangle discourse-syntactic (paratactic/hypotactic) and functional-semantic aspects, DiscourseRelation is distinguished from DiscourseStructuralPattern: DiscourseRelations defined discourse relations in terms of their communicative function and underlying semantics. An RST antithesis, for example, is thus to be defined both as a ContrastRelation (subclass of DiscourseRelation) and as a HypotacticDiscourseRelation (subclass of DiscourseStructuralPattern). Note that Attribution is modelled here as a relation (as in RST), not as a feature (as in PDTB).
label: rhetorical relation
version info: The taxonomy of DiscourseRelations follows roughly the Penn Discourse Treebank (Prasad et al. 2007), with additions in accordance to the Hindi Discourse Relation Bank (HDRB, Oza et al. 2009), the Italian LUNA corpus (Tonelli et al. 2010), the Leeds Arabic Discourse Treebank (LADTB, Al-Saif and Markert 2010) and an alignment with Carlson and Marcu's (2001) RST relations and with Wolf et al.'s (2003, PDGB) coherence relations. Unaligned relations are marked by suffixes RST (for classical RST and RDTDTB relations) on the one hand and PDTB, HDRB, LUNA and LADTB on the other hand. No indices are used are used if a relation can be confirmed for at least two families of annotation schemes (PDTB, RSTDTB, PDGB). We provide two, intersection subclassifications of discourse relations: - ideational, interpersonal and textual (following SemDoc, i.e., the RST tradition) - entity relations and (other) coherence relations (following PDTB) With the following overlaps: - entity relations are ideational relations - interpersonal relations are coherence relations - textual relations (not addressed in PDTB) are disjoint from both entity and coherence relations However, the RST-style classification is encoded via subclasses of discourse function, the PDTB-style classification (along with additional concepts for textual patterns and dialog relations) is encoded via subclasses of discourse relation.

argument (PDTB)
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
comment: cf. SemDok DiscourseSegment
comment: roughly corresponds to the notion of "Arguments" in PDTB: Argument of a Relation, e.g., a connective. Syntactically characterized as Simple clauses, certain VP coordinations (the conjunction in a coordinated verb phase is not annotated as a distinct discourse connective, but one or more verb phrases within the coordinated structure can be annotated as the argument of another connective), certain nominalizations, anaphoric expressions denoting abstract objects (like "this", or "that" or "so"), responses to questions (Prasad et al. 2007)
comment: Cognitive representation representing a longer stretch of discourse (Grosz and Sidner 1986), defined by a particular "discourse segment purpose" (Grosz and Sidner 1986), a specific propositional content of the relation between dependent DiscourseSegments, or the propositional content of the text contained in a minimal discourse segment (Mann and Thompson 1988). DiscourseSegments are interconnected by DiscourseRelations in a hierarchical and sequential structure.
comment: Discourse segment (discourse unit) is a segment of discourse that represents either an elementary discourse unit (e.g., a clause, proposition) or a complex discourse unit (constituted by several discourse units). Depending on theory, discourse segments reflect the scope of quantifiers and discourse connectives (Kamp 1982, Asher and Lascarides 2003), turn- or paragraph-like structures (Grosz and Sidner 1986) or range and domain of discourse relations (cf. Mann and Thompson 1988, Carlson et al. 2003).
comment: Near-synonyms in RST literature are "discourse unit" (Carlsson et al. 2003) and "text span" (Mann and Thompson 1988).
label: discourse segment
label: discourse unit
label: node (PDGB)

discourse structural pattern
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature
comment: The feature DiscourseStructuralPattern was introduced to characterize discourse relations according to their "discourse-syntactic" function as opposed to their functional-semantic function (that is formalized in DiscourseRelation). We distinguish paratactic (SDRT: coordinating, RST: multinuclear) and hypotactic (SDRT: subordinating, RST: mononuclear) relations.

disfavoured alternative
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
inverse of: FavouredAlternative
comment: ISO Substitution with argument disfavoured alternative,

disjunction
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
subclass of: coordination
comment: PDTB: Two situations are evoked in the discourse but only one of them holds. (Prasad et al. 2007) Note that PDTB distinguishes Disjunction and Disjunctive. RST-DTB: DISJUNCTION is a multinuclear relation whose elements can be listed as alternatives, either positive or negative. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) RST: An item presents a (not necessarily exclusive) alternative for the other(s). (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: disjunctive

document
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: introduced for SemDok CDS-doc

drug
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: for nerd:Drug

educational institution
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: for nerd:EducationalInstitution
label: educational ORG
label: educational organization

reason
type: Class
subclass of: reason
comment: PDTB "Reason": The situation described in Arg2 is the cause and the situation described in Arg1 is the effect. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: effect precedes cause (PDTB)
label: effect precedes cause PDTB

elaboration
type: Class
subclass of: entity based relation
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
comment: R recognizes S as providing additional detail for N. R identifies the element of subject matter for which detail is provided. (Mann and Taboada 2010) Infer a set of coherent entities, E(DS0, DS1) from DS0 and DS1. The members of E(DS0, DS1) are centered around a common event or entity, e01. (Wolf et al. 2003) A classical discourse relation that has been applied to different kinds of dependency relations, e.g., between a set and its member(s), an abstraction and its instance(s), whole and part, process and step, object and attribute, or generalization and specific. Since Knott et al. (2001), it seems generally accepted that elaboration is to be circumscribed by entity-based coherence, e.g., EntRel relationships as defined by Prasad et al. (2007): "no discourse relation can be inferred and where the second sentence only serves to provide some further description of an entity in the first sentence". Although Elaboration is thus closely entangled with anaphora and textual inferences, both phenomena are to be modelled separately: Elaboration is a relationship between discourse segments, whereas anaphora and bridging are relationships between discourse referents. The subclassification of Elaboration follows SemDok. Note that we do not express directionSatellite value "left" as we do not explicitly encode positioning. Our modelling follows Webber and Knott (2001) in assuming that elaboration is *always* mediated by an entity relation. However, in some cases relations grouped under elaboration in one framework are grouped with other discourse relations in the PDTB tradition (e.g., ElaborationSpecification is Elaboration in RST and SemDok, but a special case of Specification/Expansion in PDTB). In these cases, we provide double classification.

elaboration additional RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: In an ELABORATION-ADDITIONAL relation, the satellite gives additional infor- mation or detail about the situation presented in the nucleus. This relation is extremely common at all levels of the discourse structure, and is especially popular to show relations across large spans of information. It is the default for the family of elaboration relations, and should be used when none of the other, more specific, elaboration relations apply. When an elaborating satellite is an embedded unit, the relation ELABORATION-ADDI- TIONAL-E is used. Generally, the embedded satellite of this relation is separated from the nucleus by a comma and represents a nonrestrictive relative clause, whereas an ELABORATION-OBJECT- ATTRIBUTE-E represents a restrictive relative clause (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: elaboration additional (RST)

elaboration assign
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: SemDok Elaboration-assign. Note that we skipped the subclass Elaboration-assign-other, as its definition is unclear.

elaboration assign abbreviation
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration assign
comment: SemDok ElaborationAssignAbbreviation

elaboration class instance
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration derivation
comment: Elaboration-class-instance

elaboration class subclass
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration derivation
comment: SemDok Elaboration-class-subclass

elaboration continuation
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration identity
subclass of: progression
comment: SemDok Elaboration-continuation. We omitted the subclass Elaboration-continuation-other because it is unclear how this is defined. Its subclasses are, however, preserved. SemDok treats all topic continuity relations as subclasses of elaboration, but this comes with the assumption of hypotactic relation, whereas other topic continuity relations in RST are paratactic or underdefined (see TopicContinuityRelation). We thus add these SemDok elaborations as subclasses of TopicContinuityRelation rather than merging them into a single concept.

elaboration definition
type: Class
subclass of: definition
subclass of: elaboration
comment: from SemDok Elaboration-definition, no definition given We assume that this is (near-) identical to RST Definition.

elaboration derivation
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration
comment: for SemDok Elaboration-derivation

elaboration drift
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration continuation
subclass of: topic drift
comment: SemDok Elaboration-drift

elaboration example
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration
subclass of: example
comment: SemDok Elaboration-example We assume that this is a mononuclear subclass of Example.

elaboration generic specific RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: ELABORATION-GENERAL-SPECIFIC: The satellite provides specific information to help define a very general con- cept introduced in the nucleus. (Carlson et al. 2001)
label: elaboration generic specific (RST)

elaboration identity
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration
comment: SemDok Elaboration-identity

elaboration integration
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration
subclass of: generalization
comment: SemDok Elaboration-integration No definition is given. By analogy with ElaborationWholePart, we assume that this may stand for ElaborationPartWhole, but this is unconfirmed. Based on this interpretation, however, we define it as subclass of Generalization. As a SemDok Elaboration, this is a subject-matter relation. This seems to be the main difference to SemDok Summary, which is interpersonal.

elaboration object attribute RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: ELABORATION-OBJECT-ATTRIBUTE is a relation involving a clause, usually a postmodifier of a noun phrase, that is required to give meaning to an animate or inanimate object. The modifying clause is the satellite, and the object it modifies is the nucleus. The satellite is intrinsic to the meaning of the nucleus, and/or essential to understanding the context, and is almost always an embedded unit. This relation is almost always embedded In embedded units, ELABORATION-OBJECT-ATTRIBUTE-E is much more common than ELABORATION-ADDITIONAL-E. The way to distinguish between ELABORATION-OBJECT- ATTRIBUTE-E and ELABORATION-ADDITIONAL-E is that the former is intrinsic to the object it is modifying in the nucleus, while the latter is extrinsic, i.e. it contains information that is incidental and which could be omitted without loss of understanding. Usually, an ELABORATION-ADDI- TIONAL-E is separated from the nucleus by a comma and represents a nonrestrictive relative clause, whereas an ELABORATION-OBJECT-ATTRIBUTE-E represents a restrictive relative clause. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: elaboration object attribute (RST)

elaboration of detail PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
subclass of: temporal relation
comment: The Satellite gives details about an entity involved in the event described by the Nucleus. The details cannot be captured by any of the relations above. (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of detail (PDGB)

elaboration of location PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: The Satellite gives information about the location where the Nucleus took place (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of location (PDGB)

elaboration of number PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
subclass of: temporal relation
comment: The Satellite gives information about the time at which the Nucleus took place (???) (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of number (PDGB)

elaboration of organization PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: The Satellite gives information about an organization involved in the event described by the Nucleus (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of organization (PDGB)

elaboration of person PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
comment: The Satellite gives information about a person involved in the event described by the Nucleus (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of person (PDGB)

elaboration of time PDGB
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration specification
subclass of: temporal relation
comment: The Satellite gives information about the time at which the Nucleus took place (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: elaboration of time (PDGB)

elaboration part whole RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration integration
comment: In an ELABORATION-PART-WHOLE relation, the satellite specifies or elaborates on a portion or part of the nucleus. Since this relation is most often appropriate for representing parts of objects, it is only occasionally found to hold between EDUs. Most typically, this would be in a parenthetical modifier. It is distinguished from ELABORATION-SET-MEMBER, in which each member is representative of the entire set in a similar way. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: elaboration part whole (RST)

elaboration process step
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration derivation
comment: ELABORATION-PROCESS-STEP: In this elaboration relation, the nucleus introduces an activity or event (a pro- cess). The satellite then enumerates the steps involved in carrying out the process, usually in chro- nological order. Thus, the steps are most often represented in a multinuclear SEQUENCE relationship. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) SemDok Elaboration-process-step

elaboration process step RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration process step
label: elaboration process step (RST)
deprecated: true

elaboration restatement
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration
subclass of: equivalent restatement
comment: SemDok Elaboration-Restatement Apparently, this is a mononuclear version of Restatement as found in other frameworks.

elaboration set member
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration derivation
comment: ELABORATION-SET-MEMBER: In this elaboration relation, the nucleus introduces a finite set (which may be generic or a named entity) or a list of information. The satellite then specifically elaborates on at least one member of the set. Typically, the members themselves are represented in a multinuclear LIST relationship. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) SemDok Elaboration-set-member

elaboration set member RST
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration set member
label: elaboration set member (RST)
deprecated: true

elaboration specification
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration identity
subclass of: specification
comment: SemDok Elaboration-specification Apparently, this is a mononuclear version of Specification.

elaboration theme rheme
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration continuation
subclass of: topic comment
comment: SemDok Elaboration-theme-rheme

elaboration theme theme
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration continuation
comment: SemDok Elaboration-theme-theme Unfortunately, SemDok doesn't provide definitions, so it is unclear whether this is meant to be comparable to TopicShift. At least, it would be surprising to see that modelled as an Elaboration.

elaboration whole part
type: Class
subclass of: elaboration derivation
comment: SemDok Elaboration-whole-part

element of
type: Class
subclass of: set

elementary discourse segment
type: Class
subclass of: argument (PDTB)
comment: cf. SemDok ElementaryDiscourseSegment
comment: edu
comment: A discourse segment that does not contain dependent discourse segments. Elementary element of discourse structure defined by a variety of grammatical criteria (Carlsson et al. 2003).
comment: An elementary discourse unit is a terminal element in a hierarchical model of discourse structure. (Note that here, the term "discourse segment" is used, as discourse unit is potentially ambiguous in comparison with "discourse entity".) (cf. Carlson et al. 2003)
label: elementary discourse unit
label: minimal discourse unit

email address
type: Class
subclass of: address
comment: for nerd:EmailAddress, sub nerd:Product
label: email

enablement
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
inverse of: Goal
comment: ISO Purpose with argument enablement. The nucleus is the the goal (intended result).

enablement RST
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
comment: In an ENABLEMENT relation, the situation presented in the nucleus is unreal- ized. The action presented in the satellite increases the chances of the situation in the nucleus being realized. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: enablement (RST)

entity based relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse relation
subclass of: subject matter relation
comment: No discourse relation can be inferred and where the second sentence only serves to provide some further description of an entity in the first sentence. (Prasad et al. 2007) Entity relations (which include Elaboration) are grouped with IdeationalRelations in SemDok, hence also a subclass of SubjectMatterRelation. Note that we follow Webber and Knott (2001) to assume that Elaboration is always an entity relation (even though this entity may be abstract or implicit), however, many types of elaboration (taxonomy following SemDok) are put under Expansion in the PDTB tradition. Entity relations proper are thus only elaborations which have no other discourse relation assigned. These are (only) the sublasses of ElaborationDerivation.

entity type
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time

epistemic cause HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: epistemic cause (HDRB)

epistemic concession HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic concession HDRB
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009) and Tonelli et al. (2010). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: epistemic concession (HDRB)

epistemic condition
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)

epistemic condition HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: epistemic condition
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: epistemic condition (HDRB)

epistemic condition LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: epistemic condition
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: epistemic condition (LUNA)

epistemic contrast HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Contrast (LUNA)
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: epistemic contrast (HDRB)

equivalent restatement
type: Class
subclass of: Reformulation (LADTB)
comment: PDTB Restatement/equivalence. ISO Restatement (which does not include generalization/specialization relations, as these are in Elaboration, etc).

equivalence
type: Class
subclass of: equivalent restatement
comment: Arg1 and Arg2 describe the same situation from different perspectives. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: equivalent restatement (PDTB)
label: equivalent restatement PDTB

evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: interpretative evaluation
comment: In an evaluation relationship, one span assesses the situation presented in the other span of the relationship on a scale of good to bad. An evaluation can be an appraisal, estimation, rating, interpretation, or assessment of a situation. The evaluation can be the viewpoint of the writer or another agent in the text. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Cf. SemDok Evaluation

evaluation RST
type: Class
subclass of: evaluation
label: evaluation (RST)
deprecated: true

event
type: Class
subclass of: abstract entity
comment: introduced for nerd:Event, a NERD core class.

eventuality
type: Class
subclass of: factuality
comment: When eventuality AOs occur with attribution, it conveys an agent’s intention/attitude towards a considered event, state or action. Eventuality AOs occur with “control” types of attribution (“Ctrl” for short), conveyed by any of three different classes of control verbs (Sag and Pollard, 1991). The first kind is anchored by a verb of influence like persuade, permit, order, and involve one agent influencing another agent to perform (or not perform) an action. The second kind is anchored by a verb of commitment like promise, agree, try, intend, refuse, decline, and involve an agent committing to perform (or not perform) an action. The third kind is anchored by a verb of orientation like want, expect, wish, yearn, and involve desire, expectation, or some similar mental orientation towards some state(s) of affairs. These sub-distinctions are not encoded in the annotation, but we have used the definitions as a guide for identifying these predicates. (Prasad et al. 2007, for PDTB)
label: eventual factuality

evidence
type: Class
subclass of: support
comment: Generalization over RST Evidence, SemDok Citation-evidence and SemDok Evidence

evidence RST
type: Class
subclass of: evidence
comment: In an EVIDENCE relation, the situation presented in the satellite provides evi- dence or justification for the situation presented in the nucleus. Usually EVIDENCE relations per- tain to actions and situations that are independent of the will of an animate agent. Evidence is data on which judgment of a conclusion may be based, and is presented by the writer or an agent in the article to convince the reader of a point. An evidence satellite increases the chance of the reader accepting the information presented in the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: evidence (RST)

example
type: Class
subclass of: exemplification
comment: RST "Example": The satellite provides an example with respect to the information presented in the nucleus. If the example is a member of a set which may be enumerable but not all of whose elements are known or specified, then choose the relation EXAMPLE. If the example is a member of an enumerable set whose elements are known or specified, select the relation ELABORATION-SET- MEMBER. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then find some element in E(DS1) that is a member or subset of the corresponding element in E(DS0). • Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then find some element in E(DS1) that is a new instantiation of an entity in E(DS0). (Wolf et al. 2003) cf. Al-Saif and Markert (2010) "Exemplification" in the LADTB corpus

exception
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: PDTB Exception, ISO Exception

exception PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: exception
comment: Arg2 specifies an exception to the generalization specified by Arg1. In other words, Arg1 is false because Arg2 is true, but if Arg2 were false, Arg1 would be true. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: exception (PDTB)

expansion
type: Class
subclass of: coherence relation
comment: Relations which expand the discourse and move its narrative or exposition forward. (Prasad et al. 2007) Note that Expansion in the sense of ISO has been equated by Bunt & Prasad (ISA-12) with PDTB EntRel rather than PDTB Expansion. We follow this assessment

expectation
type: Class
subclass of: concession
inverse of: ContaExpectation
comment: PDTB COMPARISON/Concession/expectation: Arg2 creates an expectation that Arg1 denies. (Prasad et al. 2007) ISO Core-DR: Concession, argument Expectation-raiser (Bunt & Prasad, ISA-12)

explanation
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
comment: An EXPLANATION-ARGUMENTATIVE relation usually pertain to actions and situations that are independent of the will of an animate agent.The satellite provides a factual explanation for the situation presented in the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Explanation: Infer a causal relation between DS0 and DS1. (Wolf et al. 2003)

explicit connective
type: Class
subclass of: cue word
comment: Explicit discourse connectives ... are drawn primarily from well-defined syntactic classes, i.e., Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, when, since, although), Coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, or, nor):, (ADVP and PP) adverbials (e.g., however, otherwise, then, as a result, for example). (Prasad et al. 2007, PDTB)

expression focus
type: Class
subclass of: focus
comment: Krifka distinguishes between ‘expression focus’ and ‘denotation focus.’ Differences in meaning are only found in the latter kind of focus, on which we concentrate here. The pragmatic use of focus (or ‘management of CG’) does not involve any change in the truth-value of the sentence. Only the semantic use of focus (or ‘content of CG’) has such an effect. Pragmatic uses of focus include answers to wh-questions, corrections, confirmations, parallel expressions and delimitations. (Féry et al. 2007)

extra
type: Class
subclass of: textual organizational relation
comment: cf. SemDok Extra (undefined)

facecious register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register related to an expression that is intended to be clever and funny but that is really silly and annoying. (Longma DCE; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1991
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)
label: facetious register

fact
type: Class
subclass of: factuality
comment: Facts AOs involve attribution to an agent of an evaluation towards or knowledge of a proposition whose truth is taken for granted (i.e., presupposed). Fact AOs are associated with a “factive” type of attribution (“Ftv” for short), conveyed by “factive” and “semi-factive verbs” (Kiparsky and Kiparsky, 1971; Karttunen, 1971) such as regret, forget, remember, know, see, hear, etc. (Prasad et al. 2007, PDTB)
label: factive
label: factive factuality

factual condition
type: Class
subclass of: semantic condition

merge with factual condition
type: Class
subclass of: factual condition
comment: Oza et al. (2009) suggested to abandon the PDTB distinction between FactualPastCondition and FactualPresentCondition.
label: factual condition (HDRB)
label: factual condition HDRB

factual past condition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: factual condition
comment: Arg2 describes a situation that is assumed to have taken place at a time in the past, and in Arg1, a consequence that may subsequently occur assuming Arg2 holds. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: factual past condition (PDTB)

factual present condition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: factual condition
comment: Arg2 is a situation that has either been presented as a fact in the prior discourse or is believed by somebody other than the speaker/writer. “Factual present” is really a special case of the subtype “hypothetical”. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: factual present condition (PDTB)

factuality
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: PDTB (applied to AttributionObjects) Classification of Attribute relations with respect to the "Type", i.e., the nature of the relationship between agents and AOs, leading to different inferences about the degree of factuality of the AO (Prasad et al. 2007).

favoured alternative
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
inverse of: DisfavouredAlternative
comment: ISO Substitution with argument favoured alternative

feedback
type: Class
subclass of: feedback dependence
inverse of: FeedbackScope
comment: Mononuclear relation linking a dialogue act with a responsive communicative function (feedback act) with its scope. The nucleus is the scope. Corresponds to ISO Feedback Dependence with argument feedback act.
label: feedback act

feedback scope
type: Class
subclass of: feedback dependence
inverse of: FeedbackAct
comment: Mononuclear relation linking the scope of a feedback act with the feedback act. The nucleus is the feedback act. Corresponds to ISO Feedback Dependence with argument Feedback Scope.

fictional character
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:FictionalCharacter. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

focus
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic unit
comment: Focus indicates the presence of alternatives that are relevant for the interpretation of linguistic expressions. (Féry et al. 2007) That part of an expression which provides the most relevant information in a particular context as opposed to the (not so relevant) rest of information making up the background of the utterance. Typically, focus on a subexpression indicates that it is selected from possible alternatives that are either implicit or given explicitly, whereas the background can be derived from the context of the utterance. (SFB632 Guidelines) Foci are classified here according to their discourse function (independently from their structural realization).

focus domain
type: Class
subclass of: markable
comment: Structural domain that corresponds to the scope of the focus. (van Valin & Lapolla 1997)

footnote
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: Supplementary information given outside of the body of the text, usually at the end of a document in this corpus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

formal register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Formal register. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1992
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

frame setting topic
type: Class
subclass of: topic
comment: An element that is realized at a particularly prominent (sentence-initial) position and defines a spatio-temporal context with reference to which an utterance is to be interpreted (Erteschik-Shir 1994).

FONC
type: Class
subclass of: concrete entity
comment: For nerd:Function (=opencalais:Position, dbo:PersonFunction), a NERD core class that seems to designate ranks and professions, albeit some of these are subsumed under nerd:Person. Because of the unclear definition and the unclear relation with nerd:Person, this is marked as deprecated.
label: function
label: person function
label: position
deprecated: true

general condition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: factual condition
comment: Every time that ||Arg2|| holds true , ||Arg1|| is also caused to be true. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: general condition (PDTB)

generalization
type: Class
subclass of: Reformulation (LADTB)
inverse of: Specification
comment: Arg2 summarizes Arg1, or in some cases expresses a conclusion based on Arg1. Typical connectives for “generalization” are in sum, overall, finally, etc. (Prasad et al. 2007) Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then find some element in E(DS0) that is a member or subset of the corresponding element in E(DS1). • Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then find some element in E(DS0) that is a new instantiation of an entity in E(DS1). (Wolf et al. 2003)

generally accessible
type: Class
subclass of: accessible
comment: A referent is accessible to a hearer on grounds of the hearer's world knowledge or knowledge the speaker presupposes the hearer to have. (Lambrecht 1994)

geographical feature
type: Class
subclass of: space
comment: introduced as a generalization over nerd:Space subclasses pertaining to natural features and waterways (canals and lakes can be artificial)

geographical variant
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another form used in another region (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1851

given
type: Class
subclass of: information status
comment: A referent is given it is mentioned in the previous discourse, cf. Prince (1982) "textually evoked", Prince (1988) "discourse old". For given referents, different hierarchies of cognitive states and corresponding referring expressions have been proposed (e.g. Levelt 1989, Ariel 1990, Gundel et al. 1993, Chafe 1996). As these conceptualizations are, however, often incompatible with each other, I only propose one subcategory here, i.e. referents that are particularly prominent (salient, active, in focus).

goal
type: Class
subclass of: result/purpose
inverse of: Enablement
comment: ISO Purpose: Asymmetric relation in which Arg2 is the goal or purpose of Arg1. Mononuclear relation that corresponds to ISO Purpose with argument goal ("purpose"). The goal is the satellite. Cf. SemDok Purpose-n
label: purpose
label: purpose-n (SemDok)

goal HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: goal
comment: The “Goal” sense: Under the “Contingency” class, we have added a new type “Goal”, which applies to relations where the situation described in one of the arguments is the goal of the situation described in the other argument (which enables the achievement of the goal). (Oza et al. 2009, also adopted by Tonelli et al. 2010)
label: goal (HDRB)

habitual cooccurrence
type: Class
subclass of: cause-result

heading
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: The WSJ articles in our corpus did not include headings, so this schema was not used in tagging the corpus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

headline
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: -HLN (headline) — marks headlines and datelines. Note that headlines and datelines always constitute a unit of text that is structurally independent from the following sentence. (Bies et al. 1995)
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995

holiday
type: Class
subclass of: time
comment: introduced for nerd:Holiday, subclass of nerd:Time

honorific
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: special form of language used when talking about those in positions of social situation (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2347

hospital
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Hospital

asymmetrical coherence relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse structural pattern
disjoint with: coordination
comment: Subordinating or Mononuclear Relations (RST): The most frequent structural pattern is that two spans of text (virtually always adjacent, but exceptions can be found) are related such that one of them has a specific role relative to the other. A paradigm case is a claim followed by evidence for the claim. RST posits an "Evidence" relation between the two spans. It also says that the claim is more essential to the text than the particular evidence, and this essentiality is represented by calling the claim span a nucleus and the evidence span a satellite. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: hypotactic discourse relation
label: hypotaxis
label: mononuclear
label: mononuclear relation
label: subordination

hypothetical condition
type: Class
subclass of: factual condition
comment: If Arg2 holds true, Arg1 is caused to hold at some instant in all possible futures. However, Arg1 can be true in the future independently of Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007) In a HYPOTHETICAL relation, the satellite presents a situation that is not fac- tual, but that one supposes or conjectures to be true. The nucleus presents the consequences that would arise should the situation come true. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

identifier
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
comment: Designation of a unique entity or a singleton concept (CC)
version info: introduced as generalization over NamedEntity, Apellation and lexinfo:partNumber

implicit connective
type: Class
subclass of: implicit relation
comment: Implicit discourse connectives (...) are inserted between paragraph-internal adjacent sentence pairs not related explicitly by any of the syntactically-defined set of Explicit connectives. (...) the reader must attempt to infer a discourse relation between the adjacent sentences, and “annotation” consists of inserting a connective expression that best conveys the inferred relation. Connectives inserted in this way to express inferred relations are called Implicit connectives. Multiple discourse relations (Webber et al., 1999) can also be inferred, and are annotated by inserting multiple Implicit connectives. The goal of annotating Implicit connectives in the PDTB is to capture relations between abstract objects that are not realized explicitly in the text (by one of a set of the lexically-defined Explicit connectives) and are left to be inferred by the reader. (Prasad et al. 2007, PDTB)

implicit relation
type: Class
subclass of: cue word
comment: In PDTB: Two kinds of implicit relations are distinguished: ImplicitConnectives (where a connective and an associated relation can be inferred) and EntityRelations (where neither connective nor relation can be inferred but referential coherence is observed). While the former is actually annotated in PDTB, the latter is not, hence no subclass here. PDTB Entity Relation: no discourse relation can be inferred and where the second sentence only serves to provide some further description of an entity in the first sentence (akin to entity-based coherence (Knott et al., 2001)) Entity-based coherence captures cases where the implicit relation between adjacent sentences is not between their AO interpretations, but is rather a form of entity-based coherence (Knott et al., 2001) in which the same entity is realized in both sentences
comment: PDTB Entity Relation: no discourse relation can be inferred and where the second sentence only serves to provide some further description of an entity in the first sentence (akin to entity-based coherence (Knott et al., 2001)) Entity-based coherence captures cases where the implicit relation between adjacent sentences is not between their AO interpretations, but is rather a form of entity-based coherence (Knott et al., 2001) in which the same entity is realized in both sentences

implicit assertion
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
comment: Special rhetorical uses of if-constructions when the intepretation of the conditional construction is an implicit assertion. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: implicitly asserted condition (PDTB)
label: implicitly asserted condition PDTB

impossible
type: Class
subclass of: UsageAndFrequencyFeature
comment: to denote something that cannot be considered as being correct in a given language

in house register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register of terms that are company-specific and not readily recognized outside this environment. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1993
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

indeterminate attribution
type: Class
subclass of: attribution
comment: Classification of Attribute relations with respect to their "determinacy", which signals a context that cancels what would otherwise be an entailment of attribution. The determinacy feature captures the fact that the attribution over a relation or argument can itself be cancelled in particular contexts, such as within negated, conditional, and infinitive contexts. The attribution over a relation or argument can itself be cancelled in particular contexts, such as within negated, conditional, and infinitive contexts. Such indeterminacy is indicated by the value “Indet”. (Prasad et al. 2007)

inferrable
type: Class
subclass of: accessible
comment: A referent is (textually) inferrable if the hearer constructs a mental representation of the referent on the basis of the earlier realization of another, related referent. Syn. "bridging" (Clark & Clark 1976)

information status
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature
comment: Givenness A feature X of an expression α is a Givenness feature iff X indicates whether the denotation of α is present in the CG or not, and/or indicates the degree to which it is present in the immediate CG. (Féry et al. 2007)
comment: A property of discourse referents, hence referring expressions. This hierarchy is organized following the criteria of hearer new/hearer old and discourse new/discourse old of Prince (1988), the terminology is inspired by Lambrecht (1994) and Chafe (1996).

infrequently used
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Said of a term that does not appear frequently. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1985
version info: subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)

inherited attribution source
type: Class
subclass of: attribution source
comment: Since attribution can have scope over an entire relation, arguments can be annotated with a fourth value “Inh”, to indicate that their source value is inherited from the relation. (Prasad et al. 2007)

insect
type: Class
subclass of: animal
comment: for nerd:Insect and extractiv:INSECT

exemplification
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: Arg1 evokes a set and Arg2 describes it in further detail. Typical connectives often tagged as “Instantiation” are for example, for instance and specifically. (Prasad et al. 2007) ISO DR-Core Excemplification, argument Instance
label: instance
label: instantiation

internationalism
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: A term that has the same or nearly identical orthographic or phonemic form in many languages. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-320)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-320, TODO: check treatment as register feature

interpretation
type: Class
subclass of: interpretative evaluation
comment: In interpretation relations, one side of the relation gives a different perspective on the situation presented in the other side. It is subjective, presenting the personal opinion of the writer or of a third party. An interpretation can be: 1) an explanation of what is not immediately plain or explicit; 2) an explanation of actions, events, or statements by pointing out or suggesting inner relationships, motives, or by relating particulars to general principles; or 3) an understanding or appreciation of a situation in light of individual belief, judgment, interest, or circumstance. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) cf. SemDok Interpretation

interpretation RST
type: Class
subclass of: interpretation
label: interpretation (RST)
deprecated: true

inverted sequence
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: list/sequence
  intersection of: succession relation
comment: An INVERTED-SEQUENCE is a multinuclear list of events presented in reverse chronological order. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

ironic register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register for irony. (12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1994
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

island
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Island

joint
type: Class
subclass of: textual organizational relation
comment: generalization over SemDok Joint and RST Joint. As SemDok does not provide definitions, it is unclear whether these are equivalent,

joint (RST)
type: Class
subclass of: joint
comment: Joint represents the lack of a rhetorical relation between the nuclei. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: joint RST

justification
type: Class
subclass of: support
comment: Epistemic uses of the connective “because” are labelled as “Pragmatic cause:justification”. (Prasad et al. 2007) RST "Justify": R's comprehending S increases R's readiness to accept W's right to present N (Mann and Taboada 2010) Cf. SemDok Justify, subclass of Support.
label: justify

juxtaposition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: semantic contrast PDTB
comment: The values assigned to some shared property are taken to be alternatives (e.g., John paid $5 but Mary paid $10.) (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: juxtaposition (PDTB)

lake
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Lake

legal register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Used for terms that are legally defined and used in legally binding documents. (cf. http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-380)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-380, but rendered as a feature of individual terms, there

legislature
type: Class
subclass of: political organization
comment: for nerd:Legislature

lighthouse
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Lighthouse

list
type: Class
subclass of: conjunction
subclass of: list/sequence
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: An item comparable to others linked to it by the List relation. (Mann and Taboada 2010) Arg1 and Arg2 are members of a list, defined in the prior discourse. “List” does not require the situations specified in Arg1 and Arg2 to be directly related. (Prasad et al. 2007) A LIST is a multinuclear relation whose elements can be listed, but which are not in a comparison, contrast or other, stronger type of multinuclear relation. A LIST relation usually exhibits some sort of parallel structure between the units involved in the relation. At lower levels of the discourse structure, such as between clauses or sentences, a LIST relation is often selected when there is some sort of parallel syntactic or semantic structure between the units, such as in the examples below. At higher levels of the discourse structure, the relation may be found when there are paragraphs of items enumerated in a similar fashion. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Axiomatization follows SemDok. In particular, we assume that Lists do not follow any natural order, their order thus reflects an (implicit) purpose of the speaker. They are thus interpersonal (presentational) relations. Note that we skipped the SemDok subclass List-dm_other, as its definition is unclear.

list/sequence
type: Class
subclass of: coordination
comment: Introduced as generalization over List and Sequence in analogy with SemDok. However, note that this is not a discourse relation proper, but a specific case of ParatacticDiscourseRelation for which no semantic relation except for paratactic organization can be provided.
label: list sequence

magazine
type: Class
subclass of: newspaper
comment: for nerd:Magazine sub nerd:Product

manner RST
type: Class
subclass of: manner
comment: A manner satellite explains the way in which something is done. (It sometimes also expresses some sort of similarity/comparison.) The satellite answers the question “in what manner?” or “in what way?”. A MANNER relation is less “goal-oriented” than a MEANS relation, and often is more of a description of the style of an action. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: manner (RST)

manufactured object
type: Class
subclass of: object
comment: NERD seems to have been designed for economic purposes, so all objects (non-animate, concrete entitites) are described as "product". Here, we go with the more neutral term "ManufacturedObject". for nerd:Product, subclass of nerd:Thing, not a NERD core class.
label: PROD
label: consumer product
label: product

map object
type: Class
subclass of: annotation unit
comment: An object on the map used for deictic references. Language expressions may also depend on the visual, as opposed to verbal, context. An utterance like Could you pass me the salt? , uttered, e.g., at a restaurant, is usually understandable even if salt hasn’t been mentioned before; the recipient can recover the referent of the expression the salt from the visual context. (An even clearer example is Could you please close the window? .) We will use the term deictic references to refer to these expressions. (Artstein & Poesio, 2006, ARRAU)

markable
type: Class
subclass of: annotation unit
comment: A markable refers to an element that is subject to annotation. Annotation schemes for coreference annotation *applied to plain text* usually require explicitly defined markables, for example. The notion of Markable is somewhat problematic in its relation to DiscourseSegment. An RST elementary discourse unit (discourse segment) is basically a markable (almost-arbitrary plain String) together with a label, but an SDRT discourse segment is a structured semantic entity. Here, we remain agnostic. It is thus possible to define a joint subclass of DiscourseSegment and Markable for RST, for example.

mayor
type: Class
subclass of: politician
comment: for nerd:Mayor, originally sub Person, here sub Politician. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

manner
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
subclass of: interpersonal relation
inverse of: Achievement
comment: ISO Manner is an asymmetric discourse relation in which the means (Arg1) is a way in which the achievement (Arg2) comes about or occurs. Corresponds to ISO Manner with argument means. Nucleus is the achievement. cf. SemDok Means: mononuclear, interpersonal
label: means

means RST
type: Class
subclass of: manner
comment: A means satellite specifies a method, mechanism, instrument, channel or con- duit for accomplishing some goal. It should tell you how something was or is to be accomplished. In other words, the satellite answers a “by which means?”or “how?” question that can be assigned to the nucleus. It is often indicated by the preposition by. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: means (RST)

media product
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: introduced as a generalization over various nerd:Products

military conflict
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: for nerd:MilitaryConflict
label: conflict

modern
type: Class
subclass of: dating
comment: Currently in use. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962)
label: modern usage
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1962 (modern)
version info: subClassOf dating (dcif:conceptualDomain)

motivation RST
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
comment: Comprehending S increases R's desire to perform action in N (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: motivation (RST)

mountain
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Mountain

movie
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:Movie sub nerd:Product
label: film
label: movie name

museum
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Museum

musical artist
type: Class
subclass of: artist
comment: for nerd:MusicalArtist, there subclass of nerd:Person. Cf. yahoo:music_artist

musical ensemble
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: introduced as a generalization over nerd:Band and related terms, e.g., orchestra. A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble)

named entity
type: Class
subclass of: identifier
comment: segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2275, note that the definition refers to the text that designates the entity, not the entity itself; consider renaming to NameOfEntity

narrow focus
type: Class
subclass of: structural focus type
comment: Wide focus and narrow focus represent an often-adopted, coarse-grained subclassification of foci according to their scope. Narrow focus means that one single constituent is in focus, whereas wide focus means that multiple constituents are in focus. (Fiedler & Chiarcos)

negated attribution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: attribution
  intersection of: negative polarity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has polarity
    has self: true
subclass of: attribution
subclass of: Class
  complement of: non negated attribution
comment: This relation marks a negative attribution. The negation must be in the satel- lite, or source, of the attribution in order for the ATTRIBUTION-N relation to hold. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) Verbs of attribution are negated on the surface - syntactically (e.g., didn’t say, don’t think) or lexically (e.g., denied), and the negation reverses the polarity of the attributed relation or argument content (Horn, 1978). The interpretation of the contrastive relation denoted by but requires that Arg2 should be interpreted under the scope of negation. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: negative attribution

counterfactual
type: Class
subclass of: semantic condition
comment: ISO: Asymmetric relation in which Arg1 is an unrealized situation which, when not realized, would lead to Arg2. Roughly comparable to UnrealPastCondition and UnrealPresentCondition in PDTB. For HDRB, Oza et al. (2009) suggested to abandon the original tense distinction of PDTB.
comment: Introduced as a generalization over PDTB FactualPastCondition and FactualPresentCondition in accordance with HDRB. Roughly corresponds to ISO Condition with argument antecedent.
label: negative condition

negative polarity
type: Class
subclass of: polarity
disjoint with: default polarity
comment: The scopal polarity feature is annotated on relations and their arguments to identify cases where verbs of attribution are negated on the surface - syntactically (e.g., didn’t say, don’t think) or lexically (e.g., denied), but where the negation in fact reverses the polarity of the attributed relation or argument content (Horn, 1978). Example (162) illustrates such a case. The but clause entails an interpretation such as I think it’s not a main consideration, for which the negation must take narrow scope over the embedded clause rather than the higher clause. In particular, the interpretation of the contrastive relation denoted by but requires that Arg2 should be interpreted under the scope of negation. (162) “Having the dividend increases is a supportive element in the market outlook, but I don’t think it’s a main consideration,” he says. (0090) To capture such entailments with surface negations on attribution verbs, an argument of a connective is marked “Neg” for scopal polarity when the interpretation of the connective requires the surface negation to take semantic scope over the lower argument. Thus, in Example (162), scopal polarity is marked as “Neg” for Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007)

neutral register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: The register appropriate to general texts or discourse. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999)
label: standard register
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1999
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

new
type: Class
subclass of: information status
comment: A referent is new if at a given point in discourse, the hearer does not have a mental representation of this referent. (Prince 1988: "hearer-new")

new information focus
type: Class
subclass of: denotation focus
comment: New-information focus (nf) is that part of the utterance providing the new and missing information which serves to develop the discourse. (SFB632 Guidelines) WORDS: Who is reading a book? NFocus:[ _nf Who] is reading a book? WORDS: Mary is reading a book. NFocus: [ _nf Mary] is reading a book. (5.2.1) Also referred to as "assertive focus" or "completive focus".

newspaper
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:Newspaper sub nerd:Product

non contrastive comparison
type: Class
subclass of: comparison

non negated attribution
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: attribution
  intersection of: default polarity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has polarity
    has self: true
comment: Instances of reported speech, both direct and indirect, should be marked for the rhetorical relation of ATTRIBUTION. The satellite is the source of the attribution (a clause containing a reporting verb, or a phrase beginning with according to), and the nucleus is the content of the reported message (which must be in a separate clause). The ATTRIBUTION relation is also used with cognitive predicates, to include feelings, thoughts, hopes, etc. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

non profit organization
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: for nerd:NonProfitOrganization. As this is not supported by an external extractor, it is deprecated.
deprecated: true

non referring
type: Class
subclass of: referentiality

non volitional cause RST
type: Class
subclass of: cause RST
comment: S, by means other than motivating a volitional action, caused N; without the presentation of S, R might not know the particular cause of the situation; a presentation of N is more central than S to W's purposes in putting forth the N-S combination. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: non volitional cause (RST)

non volitional result RST
type: Class
subclass of: result
comment: N caused S; presentation of N is more central to W's purposes in putting forth the N-S combination than is the presentation of S. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: non volitional result (RST)

nonspecific attribution source
type: Class
subclass of: attribution source
comment: Source is some arbitrary individual(s) indicated via a non-specific reference in the text. (Prasad et al. 2007)

object
type: Class
subclass of: concrete entity
comment: introduced as an abstraction over nerd:Product and :ManufacturedObject

object focus
type: Class
subclass of: argument focus
comment: Narrow focus on the object argument. (Fiedler)

old
type: Class
subclass of: dating
comment: Old: Used in the past. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961) Outdated form: A term or lexeme that has fallen from fashion, but the meaning of which is readily recognizable.(Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-505)
label: old usage
label: outdated
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1961, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-505
version info: subClassOf dating (dcif:conceptualDomain)

operating system
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: for nerd:OperatingSystem, subclass of nerd:Product

operator focus
type: Class
subclass of: predicate centered focus
comment: verb/predicate operator focus includes most importantly "verum" focus (truth value focus, polarity focus) (Güldemann et al. 2010)

opposition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: semantic contrast PDTB
comment: The values assigned to some shared property are the extremes of a gradable scale, e.g., tall-short, accept-reject etc. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: opposition (PDTB)

organization
type: Class
subclass of: concrete entity
comment: for nerd:Organization, a NERD core class. As for organizations, we assume that this refers to organizations that are (or can be registered as) legal persons. In that sense, they are Concrete (because they are defined by a specific legal act)- In NERD, however, these are core concepts.
label: ORG

other
type: Class
subclass of: same type
comment: A particular type of referent has been introduced before, the current referent specifies a new instantiation of this type, overtly marked by "other" (Poesio & Artstein 2006).

otherwise RST
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
comment: This is a mutually exclusive relation between two elements of equal importance. The situations presented by both the satellite and the nucleus are unrealized. Realizing the situation associated with the nucleus will prevent the realization of the consequences associated with the satellite. This relation may also be multinuclear. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: otherwise (RST)

parallel
type: Class
subclass of: non contrastive comparison
comment: Infer a set of entities from DS0, E(DS0), and a set of entities from DS1, E(DS1). Then infer commonalities between members of E(DS0) and E(DS1). (Wolf et al. 2003)

coordination
type: Class
subclass of: discourse structural pattern
comment: Coordinating or Multinuclear relations.
label: multinuclear
label: paratactic discourse relation
label: parataxis
label: symmetrical coherence relation

park
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Park

part of
type: Class
subclass of: part whole
comment: The referent is a part of another referent mentioned before (Poesio & Artstein 2006).

part whole
type: Class
subclass of: bridging type
comment: A referent is a subset, an element, or a component of another referent mentioned before. (Stuttgart Guidelines)

person
type: Class
subclass of: animate entity
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time. Corresponds to nerd:Person
label: PERS

personal
type: Class
subclass of: ReferentTypeFeature
comment: Property that refers to the person. (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1946
version info: subClassOf referentType (dcif:conceptualDomain)

phone number
type: Class
subclass of: address
comment: for nerd:PhoneNumber sub nerd:Product

plain restatement RST
type: Class
subclass of: equivalent restatement
comment: A restatement relation is always mononuclear. The satellite and nucleus are of (roughly) comparable size. The satellite reiterates the information presented in the nucleus, typically with slightly different wording. It does not add to or interpret the information. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: plain restatement (RST)

plan
type: Class
subclass of: entity type
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time

point of origin
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: POINT-OF-ORIGIN refers to the geographic location in which the events in the story take place. Use this schema if this information is designated separately at the beginning or end of the article or section of the article. It should be linked to a TEXT or SECTIONTEXT schema. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

polarity
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature
comment: PDTB: applied to attributions Classification of Attribute relations with respect to their "scopal polarity", marked when surface negated attribution reverses the polarity of the attributed AO. The scopal polarity feature is annotated on relations and their arguments to identify cases where verbs of attribution are negated on the surface - syntactically (e.g., didn’t say, don’t think) or lexically (e.g., denied), but where the negation in fact reverses the polarity of the attributed relation or argument content (Horn, 1978). (Prasad et al. 2007)

polarity focus
type: Class
subclass of: operator focus
comment: "truth value focus", "polarity focus" Context: I cannot imagine that the princess kissed the slippery frog. example: Yes, she DID kiss him. (Güldemann et al. 2010)

political event
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: for nerd:PoliticalEvent

political organization
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: introduced as generalization over PoliticalParty and nerd:Legislature

political party
type: Class
subclass of: political organization
comment: missing from NERD, however, nerd:PoliticalEvent was subclass of alchemyapi:PoliticalParty. This seems to have been misunderstood.

political unit
type: Class
subclass of: space
comment: introduced as a generalization over nerd subclasses of Space that have a special political or social function, e.g., city, county, etc.

politician
type: Class
subclass of: person
comment: for nerd:Politician and zemanta:politician

possessive
type: Class
subclass of: ReferentTypeFeature
comment: Relative to the possession or association. (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=possessive; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1355
version info: subClassOf referentType (dcif:conceptualDomain)

possible
type: Class
subclass of: UsageAndFrequencyFeature
comment: Value that denotes a linguistic situation considered as being correct in the given language

Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
type: Class
subclass of: cause
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: Arg1 expresses a claim and Arg2 provides justification for this claim. There is no causal influence between the two situations. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: pragmatic cause

pragmatic concession HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: concession
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009).
label: pragmatic concession (HDRB)

pragmatic concession LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic concession HDRB
comment: In the LUNA corpus (Tonelli et al. 2010), PragmaticConcession is a sibling concept of SpeechActConcession, EpistemicConcession and PropositionalConcession. Apparently, PragmaticConcession_LUNA has more specific semantics than just being a generalization over these types so that it is represented independently here.
label: pragmatic concession (LUNA)

Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
type: Class
subclass of: condition
comment: Conditional constructions whose interpretation deviates from that of the semantics of “Condition”. Arg1 and Arg2 are causally related. In all cases, Arg1 holds true independently of Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: pragmatic condition

Speech-act Contrast (LUNA)
type: Class
subclass of: contrast
comment: The connective indicates a contrast between one of the arguments and an inference that can be drawn from the other, in many cases at the speech act level: The contrast is not between the situations described in Arg1 and Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: pragmatic contrast (PDTB)
label: pragmatic contrast PDTB

pragmatic relation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: has source
    qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: pragmatic unit
  union of: Restriction
    on property: has source
    qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: annotation unit
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: has target
    qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: pragmatic unit
  union of: Restriction
    on property: has target
    qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: annotation unit
comment: PragmaticRelations are anaphoric, inferential or discourse-structural links between PragmaticCategories, e.g., DiscourseEntities, or AnnotationUnits. Here, these are represented by an individual that represents the relation, and two properties hasSource and hasTarget that link is with the individuals that actually are connected by this relationship. Note that "pragmatics" is used in a broad sense as opposed to semantics, hence discourse annotations are in its scope.
comment: cf. SemDok DiscourseRelation, which comprises both BridgingRelation and RhetoricalRelation.

pragmatic unit
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticConcept
comment: PragmaticCategory covers different information-structural, discourse-structural and classical pragmatic categories, structures and entities. Note that "pragmatics" is used in a broad sense as opposed to semantics, hence discourse annotations are in its scope.

precedence relation
type: Class
subclass of: temporal sequence
inverse of: SuccessionRelation
comment: The connective indicates that the situation in Arg1 precedes the situation described in Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007)

predicate centered focus
type: Class
subclass of: narrow focus
comment: Narrow focus on the predicate. (Fiedler) predicate is the host of two major functions relating to focus (a) it instantiates an illocutionary act which relates to different operators (b) it identifies/selects a state of affairs (Güldemann et al. 2010) Not to be confused with "predicate focus", as this is applied here to wide verb phrase focus following Lambrecht (1994)

predicate focus
type: Class
subclass of: wide focus
comment: Following Lambrecht (1994), predicate focus is wide verb phrase focus. Not to be confused with PredicateCenteredFocus.

preference RST
type: Class
subclass of: non contrastive comparison
comment: The relation compares two situations, acts, events, etc., and assigns a clear preference for one of the situations, acts, events, etc. The preferred situation, act, event, etc. is the nucleus. (Lynn Carlson and Daniel Marcu. 2001. Discourse Tagging Manual. ISI Tech Report ISI-TR-545. July 2001. http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/discourse/tagging-ref-manual.pdf)
label: preference (RST)

preferred
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Preferred Term: A term rated according to the scale of a term acceptability rating as the primary term for a given concept. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-376)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-376

preferred alternative RST
type: Class
subclass of: favoured alternative
comment: RST-DTB Preference relation: The relation compares two situations, acts, events, etc., and assigns a clear preference for one of the situations, acts, events, etc. The preferred situation, act, event, etc. is the nucleus. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: preferred alternative (RST)

preparation
type: Class
subclass of: background
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: introduced as generalization over Preparation in RST and SemDok. Axiomatization follows SemDok

preparation-question
type: Class
equivalent class: rhetorical question RST
subclass of: preparation
comment: for SemDok Preparation-question I assume that this is basically equivalent with RhetoricalQuestion_RST, but note that SemDok does not provide explicit definitions.
label: preparation question

preparation-title
type: Class
subclass of: preparation
subclass of: title
comment: for SemDok Preparation-title
label: preparation title

preparation RST
type: Class
subclass of: preparation
comment: S precedes N in the text; S tends to make R more ready, interested or oriented for reading N (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: preparation (RST)

interpersonal relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse function
disjoint with: subject matter relation
disjoint with: textual organizational relation
comment: "[In RST] a distinction is made between Subject-Matter relations and Presentational relations. Subject-Matter relations express parts of the subject matter of the text. The Presentational relations facilitate the presentation process." (http://www.sfu.ca/rst/01intro/intro.html)
comment: cf. SemDok InterpersonalRelation, no definition given there, but the conventional definition alludes to RST "presentational relations". Conventional definition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafunction#Ideational_function): The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. This tenet of systemic functional linguistics is based on the claim that a speaker not only talks about something, but is always talking to and with others.
label: presentational relation

solutionhood
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: Introduced as generalization over Problem-Solution in RST-DTB and SemDok. In a problem-solution relation, one textual span presents a problem, and the other text span presents a solution. The relation may be mononuclear or multinuclear, depending on the context. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) RST "Solutionhood": R recognizes N as a solution to the problem presented in S. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: problem solution
preferred label: problem-solution

problem solution RST
type: Class
subclass of: solutionhood
label: problem solution (RST)
deprecated: true

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: for nerd:ProgrammingLanguage sub nerd:Product. Marked as deprecated as its qualification as a product is hardly justifiable. after renaming Product to "Manufactured Object", this is a valid concept, again

proportion RST
type: Class
subclass of: similarity
comment: A PROPORTION relation expresses a proportionality or equivalence of tendency or degree between two nuclei. It is always multinuclear. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: proportion (RST)

proposition
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
comment: Cognitive representation of the information conveyed in a particular clause or sentence. Not to be confused with "proposition" in semantics (Kintsch REF).

propositional cause HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. The propositional subtype involves the inference of a complete proposition. The relation is then taken to hold between this inferred proposition and the propo- sitional content of one of the arguments. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: propositional cause (HDRB)

propositional concession HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic concession HDRB
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009) and Tonelli et al. (2010). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. The propositional subtype involves the inference of a complete proposition. The relation is then taken to hold between this inferred proposition and the propo- sitional content of one of the arguments. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: propositional concession (HDRB)

propositional condition HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. The propositional subtype involves the inference of a complete proposition. The relation is then taken to hold between this inferred proposition and the propo- sitional content of one of the arguments. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: propositional condition (HDRB)

propositional contrast HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Contrast (LUNA)
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. The propositional subtype involves the inference of a complete proposition. The relation is then taken to hold between this inferred proposition and the propo- sitional content of one of the arguments. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: propositional contrast (HDRB)

proposition
type: Class
subclass of: factuality
comment: Proposition AOs involve attribution to an agent of his/her commitment towards the truth of a proposition. A further distinction captures differences in the degree of that commitment, by distinguishing between “assertions” and “beliefs”. (Prasad et al. 2007, PDTB)
label: propositional factuality

proverb
type: Class
subclass of: lexical unit
subclass of: utterance
comment: A brief popular axiom or saying. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-353)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-353

purpose-s
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: reason
comment: SemDok Purpose-s (Purpose Satellite?)
label: purpose-s (SemDok)
label: purpose-s sem dok

purpose
type: Class
subclass of: goal
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
comment: The situation presented in the satellite of a purpose relation is only putative, i.e., it is yet to be achieved. Most often it can be paraphrased as “in order to”. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) cf. SemDok Purpose-n
label: purpose (RST)
label: purpose-n
label: purpose RST

question answer RST
type: Class
subclass of: functional dependence
comment: In a question-answer relation, one textual span poses a question (not necessarily realized as an interrogative sentence), and the other text span answers the question. The relation may be mononuclear or multinuclear, depending on the context. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: question answer (RST)
version info: TODO: merge with SolicitedResponse

radio program
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:RadioProgram sub nerd:Product

radio station
type: Class
subclass of: broadcasting organization
comment: for nerd:RadioStation sub nerd:Organization

rarely used
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Said of a term that is almost never used. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1986
version info: subClassOf frequency (dcif:conceptualDomain)

reason
type: Class
subclass of: cause/purpose
comment: PDTB Reason. This is introduced as a generalization over RST Reason because it does not come with assumptions about nuclearity.

reason RST
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: reason
comment: The nucleus must be an action carried out by an animate agent. Only animate agents can have reasons for performing actions. You can paraphrase it as “Satellite is the reason for Nucleus.” (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: reason (RST)

referentiality
type: Class
subclass of: semantic feature

referring
type: Class
subclass of: referentiality

referring expression
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: denotates
  all values from: discourse referent
subclass of: markable

cue word
type: Class
subclass of: annotation unit
comment: In PDTB, Relations are organized according to their structural type (material manifestation). To avoid a terminological clash, these are referred to as RelationCue here. EntityRelations, however, do not represent a RelationCue as they are not physically materialized, but need to be inferred.
comment: relation (PDTB)
label: discourse marker
label: relation cue

relevance conditional PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
comment: The conditional clause in the “relevance” conditional (Arg2) provides the context in which the description of the situation in Arg1 is relevant. There is no causal relation between the two arguments. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: relevance conditional (PDTB)

antecedent act
type: Class
subclass of: functional dependence
inverse of: ResponseAct
comment: Mononuclear solicited response relation that links the antecedent act, e.g., a question, to the dependent act, i.e., the response. The nucleus is the response. Corresponds to ISO Functional Dependency with argument role "anteceent act".
label: question
label: request for comment

answer
type: Class
subclass of: functional dependence
inverse of: RequestForComment
comment: Mononuclear solicited response relation that links the dependent act, e.g., an answer or another response act, to the antececent act, e.g., a question. The nucleus is the antecedent act. Corresponds to ISO Functional Dependency with argument role "dependent act".
label: dependent act
label: response
label: response act

Reformulation (LADTB)
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: The semantics of Arg2 restates the semantics of Arg1. It is inferred that the situations described in Arg1 and Arg2 hold true at the same time. (Prasad et al. 2007) An item is primarily a reexpression of one linked to it (Mann and Taboada 2010). cf. Al-Saif and Markert (2010) "Reformulation" in the LADTB corpus
label: restatement

restaurant
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Restaurant

result/purpose
type: Class
subclass of: cause
comment: Result corresponds to ISO Cause with argument Result. Note that the other argument can be either a pragmatic cause (Justification) or a semantic cause (Reason), so we expect the difference between different kinds of causes to be expressed in the cause argument. PDTB Result, also generalizes over RST Result, but doesn't come with constraints on nuclearity. Corresponds to SemDoc ResultPurpose
label: result

result
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: result/purpose
comment: The situation presented in the satellite is the cause of the situation presented in the nucleus. The result, which is the nucleus, is the most important part. Without presenting the satellite, the reader may not know what caused the result in the nucleus. In contrast to a PURPOSE relation, the situation presented in the nucleus of a result relation is factual, i.e., it is achieved. The intention of the writer is to emphasize the result. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) cf. SemDok Result.
label: result (RST)
label: result RST

rhetorical question RST
type: Class
subclass of: antecedent act
comment: In a RHETORICAL-QUESTION relation, the satellite poses a question vis-a-vis a segment of the text; the intention of the author is usually not to answer it, but rather, to raise an issue for the reader to consider, or to raise an issue for which the answer should be obvious. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: rhetorical question (RST)

river
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:River

road
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Road

same type
type: Class
subclass of: bridging type
comment: A referent represents another instantiation of the same type of another pre-mentioned referent. (Stuttgart Guidelines)

same segment
type: Class
subclass of: textual organizational relation
comment: cf. SemDok SameSegment
comment: A pseudo-relation used as a device for linking two discontinuous text fragments that are really a single EDU, but which are broken up by an embedded unit. Examples of embedded units that can break up other EDUs include: relative clauses, other nominal postmodifiers, parentheticals, participial clauses, etc. By convention, this relation is always multinuclear. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) If a DS has intervening material; the “Same” relation is no coherence relation, but a “trick” that allows dealing with DSs nested in other DSs. (Wolf et al. 2003)
label: same unit
label: same unit (RST)
label: same unit RST

school newspaper
type: Class
subclass of: newspaper
comment: for nerd:SchoolNewspaper, but this is a subclass of nerd:Product

section text
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: Often, an article will be broken up structurally into distinct sections represent- ing different topics. In this case, the schema SectionText is used. Most often, each section will be labeled, so there will be a corresponding SECTIONTITLE and SECTIONTEXT. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

section title
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: Often, an article will be broken up structurally into distinct sections represent- ing different topics. Most often, each section will be labeled, so there will be a corresponding SECTIONTITLE and SECTIONTEXT. Usually, the section title occurs on a separate line. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

semantic alternative LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: semantic alternative (LUNA)

cause/purpose
type: Class
subclass of: cause
comment: The situations described in Arg1 and Arg2 are causally influenced and the two are not in a conditional relation. (Prasad et al. 2007) PDTB Reason. This is introduced as a generalization over RST Reason because it does not come with assumptions about nuclearity. The classification of causal relations in RST/RSTDTB and PDTB is hard to be aligneable, further, hence original definitions preserved with suffixed relations Cf. SemDok CausePurpose (but this is limited to HypotacticDiscourseRelations).
label: reason
label: semantic cause

semantic concession HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: concession
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009) and Tonelli et al. (2010).
label: semantic concession (HDRB)

semantic condition
type: Class
subclass of: condition
comment: The situation in Arg2 is taken to be the condition and the situation described in Arg1 is taken to be the consequence, i.e., the situation that holds when the condition is true. Unlike “Cause”, however, the truth value of the arguments of a “Condition” relation cannot be determined independently of the connective. (Prasad et al. 2007) In a CONDITION relation, the truth of the proposition associated with the nucleus is a consequence of the fulfillment of the condition in the satellite. The satellite presents a situation that is not realized. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
version info: Identified with RST Condition because of its association with the markers "as long as", "until", and "if", cf. Prasad et al. (2007).

semantic conjunction LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: conjunction
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: semantic conjunction (LUNA)

semantic contrast PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: contrast
comment: Arg1 and Arg2 share a predicate or property and a difference is highlighted with respect to the values assigned to the shared property. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: semantic contrast (PDTB)

semantic feature
type: Class
subclass of: Feature
comment: The SemanticFeatures enlisted here are drawn from discourse annotations. These are to move to the Reference Model

semantic goal LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: goal HDRB
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: semantic goal (LUNA)

sentence focus
type: Class
subclass of: wide focus
comment: The entire sentence is in focus.

sentential discourse segment
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: argument (PDTB)
  intersection of: sentence
subclass of: argument (PDTB)
subclass of: sentence
comment: from SemDok It seems, however, that this conflates aspects of discourse structure with surface syntax, so whether this is a valid segment different from discourse segment or complex discourse segment may be debated.

sequence
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: list/sequence
  intersection of: precedence relation
subclass of: subject matter relation
comment: A SEQUENCE is a multinuclear list of events presented in chronological order. (Carlson and Marcu 2001) There is a succession relationship between the situations in the nuclei (Mann and Taboada 2010). cf. SemDok Sequence. We follow SemDok in assuming that the difference between Sequence and List is that a sequence has a natural (i.e., spatio-temporal) order and is thus an ideational (subject-matter) relation, whereas a list has no such order and is thus compiled and organized for a particular purpose, i.e., interpersonal (presentational) in nature. This is a design decision that may be reconsidered.

set
type: Class
subclass of: part whole
comment: The referent denotes a subset or an element of a set mentioned before (Poesio & Artstein 2006).

shopping mall
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:ShoppingMall

signature block
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: A SIGNATURE-BLOCK is a section of the document that may contain a person’s name, title and company. If these occur on multiple lines, each line should be treated as a separate EDU, and all should be linked via a LIST relation before the SIGNATURE-BLOCK label is selected. This occurs in letters to the editor in the WSJ corpus. This schema is linked to the schema TEXT (if the entire article is a letter) or SECTIONTEXT (if only a portion of the article is a letter). (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

similarity
type: Class
subclass of: non contrastive comparison
comment: ISO: Similarity is a symmetric discourse relation in which one or more similarities between Arg1 and Arg2 are highlighted with respect to what each predicates as a whole or to some entities they mention. COMPARISON.Similarity applies when the connective indicates that the two arguments express similar abstract objects. It is therefore a complement to the contrast relation. (Al-Saif and Markert 2010, LADTB) Also applied in the HDRB (Oza et al. 2009).

situationally accessible
type: Class
subclass of: accessible
comment: A referent is situationally accessible, if it has not been mentioned before, but it is prominent in the given situational environment (Lambrecht 1994, Chafe 1996, cf. Prince 1982 "situationally evoked").

slang register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: An extremely informal register of a word, term, or text that is used in spoken and everyday language and less commonly in documents. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1995
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

soccer club
type: Class
subclass of: sports organization
comment: for nerd:SoccerClub sub nerd:Organization. However, this is probably too specific, hence marked as deprecated.
deprecated: true

soccer player
type: Class
subclass of: athlete
comment: for nerd:SoccerPlayer, sub nerd:Person. Probably too specific, hence marked as deprecated.
deprecated: true

software
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: for nerd:Software

functional dependence
type: Class
subclass of: dialog relation
comment: ISO: Functional depenence is an asymmetric relation between a dialogue act with a responsive communicative function (dependent act) and the dialogue act(s) that it responds to (antecedent act). comment: "functional dependence" is an unfortunate term because both "dependency" and "functional" have very different definitions in linguistic syntax (dependency syntax, functional grammar). As a less ambiguous term, we thus propose "response relation". Moreover, as the difference between feedback and response relations *seems* to be that feedback is unsolicited whereas a response is solicited, this dichothomy is used as a naming pattern, here.
label: response relation
label: solicited response

song
type: Class
subclass of: media product
comment: for nerd:Song, zemanta:track
label: track

source
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: The schema SOURCE is used when an article, or section of an article, begins or ends by noting the source of the information presented in the article. It should be linked to a TEXT or SECTIONTEXT schema. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

spacecraft
type: Class
subclass of: vehicle
comment: for nerd:Spacecraft

specification
type: Class
subclass of: specification
comment: Arg2 describes the situation described in Arg1 in more detail. Typical connectives for “specification” are specifically, indeed and in fact. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: specialized restatement (PDTB)
label: specialized restatement PDTB

specification
type: Class
subclass of: Reformulation (LADTB)
inverse of: Generalization
comment: PDTB Specification ISO Elaboration, argument role SpecificPartOfElaboration

speech act alternative LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: alternative
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: speech act alternative (LUNA)

speech act cause HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: speech act cause (HDRB)

speech act concession HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic concession HDRB
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009) and Tonelli et al. (2010). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: speech act concession (HDRB)

speech act condition HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Condition (LUNA)
comment: An extension of the PDTB scheme suggested by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: speech act condition (HDRB)

speech act conjunction LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: conjunction
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: speech act conjunction (LUNA)

speech act contrast HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: Speech-act Contrast (LUNA)
comment: Suggested as an extension of the PDTB scheme by Oza et al. (2009). Each pragmatic sense at the type level is further distinguished into three subtypes: “epis- temic” (Sweetser 1990), “speech-act” (Sweetser 1990), and “propositional”. (Oza et al. 2009)
label: speech act contrast (HDRB)

speech act goal LUNA
type: Class
subclass of: goal HDRB
comment: Sara Tonelli, Giuseppe Riccardi, Rashmi Prasad and Aravind Joshi (2010), Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs, Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), May, 19-21, Valletta, Malta
label: speech act goal (LUNA)

sports event
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: for nerd:SportEvent
preferred label: sport event

sports league
type: Class
subclass of: sports organization
comment: for nerd:SportsLeague sub nerd:Organization

sports organization
type: Class
subclass of: organization
comment: introduced as generalization over nerd:SportsLeague, nerd:SportsTeam, nerd:SoccerClub. Note that "sports organization" is somewhat ambiguous. In a broader sense (as adopted here), it refers to any (NERD) organzation concerned with sports, in a stricter sense, it refers to "any organization that serves as the ruling body for an event for one or several sports." (https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/sports-organization)

sports team
type: Class
subclass of: sports organization
comment: for nerd:SportsTeam sub nerd:Organization

stadium
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Stadium

standardized
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Standardized Term: A term that has been standardized by a standardizing body. (Sue Ellen Wright, http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-375)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-375

state of affair focus
type: Class
subclass of: predicate centered focus
comment: StateOfAffairFocus, i.e., focus is often (but not necessarily) on a verbal lexeme e.g., Quaestio: What did the princess do with the frog ? Example: She KISSED him. (Güldemann et al. 2010)

statement response RST
type: Class
subclass of: interpretative evaluation
comment: In a STATEMENT-RESPONSE relation, one textual span presents a statement and the other span makes some sort of response to it. The statement may be one actually spoken by someone or the author’s statement of a situation. Similarly, the response may be one actually spoken or a situational response to what is occurring in the statement portion. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: statement response (RST)

station
type: Class
subclass of: architectural feature
comment: for nerd:Station

structural connective
type: Class
subclass of: explicit connective
comment: adopted from SemDok

structural focus type
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic feature
comment: By StructuralFocusType, we mean a classification of foci according to the structural characteristics, i.e., their scope. The subclassification of StructuralFocusType assumed here follows a suggestion by Ines Fiedler (2010, Oct 14).

sub set of
type: Class
subclass of: set

subject focus
type: Class
subclass of: argument focus
comment: Narrow focus on the subject argument. (Fiedler)

subject matter relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse function
disjoint with: textual organizational relation
comment: "[In RST] a distinction is made between Subject-Matter relations and Presentational relations. Subject-Matter relations express parts of the subject matter of the text. The Presentational relations facilitate the presentation process." (http://www.sfu.ca/rst/01intro/intro.html)
comment: cf. SemDok IdeationalRelation, except for disjointness axions there is no definition given there, but the conventional definition alludes to RST "subject-matter relations". Conventional definition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafunction#Ideational_function): The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical function. The experiential function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to make meanings about the world around us and inside us ... Halliday describes the logical function as those systems "which set up logical–semantic relationships between one clausal unit and another"
comment: ideational relation
comment: subject-matter relation

succession relation
type: Class
subclass of: temporal sequence
inverse of: PrecedenceRelation
comment: The connective indicates that the situation described in Arg1 follows the situation described in Arg2. (Prasad et al. 2007)

summary
type: Class
subclass of: generalization
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: introduced as generalization over RST Summary and SemDok Summary. Axiomatized according to the latter (mononuclear presentational relation).

summary RST
type: Class
subclass of: summary
comment: In a SUMMARY-S relation, the satellite summarizes the information presented in the nucleus. The emphasis is on the situation presented in the nucleus. The size of the summary (the satellite) is shorter than the size of the nucleus. In an SUMMARY-N relation, the nucleus summarizes the information presented in the satellite. The emphasis is on the summary. The size of the summary (the nucleus) is shorter than the size of the satellite. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: summary (RST)

support
type: Class
subclass of: asymmetrical coherence relation
subclass of: Speech-act Cause (LUNA)
subclass of: interpersonal relation
comment: for SemDok Support, mononuclear interpersonal relation

synchronous relation
type: Class
subclass of: temporal relation
comment: The situations described in Arg1 and Arg2 overlap. (Prasad et al. 2007)

TAMfocus
type: Class
subclass of: operator focus
comment: Focus with scope over a tense, aspect, or mood marker (Fiedler & Chiarcos) Quaestio: Is the princess kissing the frog (right now) ? example: She HAS kissed him. (Güldemann et al. 2010; note: example ambiguous with polarity focus)
label: t a m focus

TVstation
type: Class
subclass of: broadcasting organization
comment: for nerd:TVStation sub nerd:Organization
label: TV network
preferred label: TV station

taboo register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register that expresses a situation that people avoid because it is extremely offensive or embarrassing. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1996
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

technical register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: The register appropriate to scientific texts or special languages. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1997
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

temporal after
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: asymmetrical coherence relation
  intersection of: succession relation
comment: In a TEMPORAL-AFTER relation, the situation presented in the nucleus (often realized as a superordinate clause) occurs after the situation presented in the satellite (often real- ized as a subordinate clause). When the relation is multinuclear, and the spans occur in temporal order -- i.e., the situation presented in the second segment occurs after the situation presented in the first segment -- select the multinuclear relation SEQUENCE. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

temporal before
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: asymmetrical coherence relation
  intersection of: precedence relation
comment: In a TEMPORAL-BEFORE relation, the situation presented in the nucleus (often realized as a superordinate clause) occurs before or leading up to the situation in the satellite (often realized as a subordinate clause). When the relation is multinuclear but the spans occur in reverse temporal order -- i.e., the situation presented in the second span occurs before the situation presented in the first span -- select the multinuclear relation INVERTED-SEQUENCE. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

temporal relation
type: Class
subclass of: coherence relation
comment: The situations described in the arguments are related temporally. (Prasad et al. 2007) Infer a temporal sequence of the events described by DS0 and DS1. There is no causal relation between DS0 and DS1. If there is a causal relation, the relation between DS0 and DS1 should be described as a Cause-Effect relation. (Wolf et al. 2003)

temporal same time
type: Class
subclass of: synchronous relation
comment: In a TEMPORAL-SAME-TIME relation, the situations presented in the nucleus and satellite occur at approximately the same time, or at least there is an overlap between the two situations. This relation can be mononuclear or multinuclear. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

dating
type: Class
subclass of: possible
comment: Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern.
label: temporally defined usage

tennis player
type: Class
subclass of: athlete
comment: for nerd:TennisPlayer, sub nerd:Person. Probably too specific, hence marked as deprecated.
deprecated: true

schema
type: Class
subclass of: textual organizational relation
comment: This seems to roughly correspond to SemDok Schema (with sub-class ArticleTopLevelSchema). However, note that a schema is an n-ary relation whereas text-organizational relations are binary.
comment: TEXTUAL-ORGANIZATION is a multinuclear relation used to link elements of the structure of the text, for example, to link a title with the body of the text, a section title with the text of a section, etc. The role of the relation is primarily that of enforcing a tree structure on the representation. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: textual organization
label: textual organization (RST)
label: textual organization RST

textual organizational relation
type: Class
subclass of: discourse relation
comment: cf. SemDok TextualRelation
comment: "Pseudo-relations" that represent conventional text-structural relationships between text spans, not strictly speaking discourse relations.
label: textual relation

time
type: Class
subclass of: entity type
comment: Categories specified for referring expressions (Poesio & Artstein 2006): Abstract, Animate, Concrete, Person, Plan, Space, Time. Corresponds to nerd:Time.

title
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: The WSJ documents from the LDC usually did not include titles. However, in a small number of cases, a WSJ document consisted of more than one article, each of which included a title. In that case the schemata TITLE and TEXT were used. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)

title in running text
type: Class
subclass of: RST Schema
comment: -TTL (title) — is attached to the top node of a title when this title appears inside running text. -TTL implies -NOM. The internal structure of the title is bracketed as usual. (See section 12 [Titles] for more information about the bracketing of titles.) (Bies et al. 1995)
version info: PTB bracketing guidelines, Bies et al. 1995

topic
type: Class
subclass of: pragmatic unit
comment: The topic constituent identifies the entity or set of entities under which the information expressed in the comment constituent should be stored in the CG content. The notion of topic is best understood as a kind of address or file card which specifies the individual or set about which the remainder of the sentence makes a comment (see Reinhart 1981 for such a concept of topicality). It has no truthconditional effect except that it presupposes the existence of that individual. In this sense, the complement of ‘topic’ is ‘comment,’ which can itself be partitioned into a focused and a backgrounded part. Sentences usually have only one topic, but can also have none, or more than one. Following Jacobs (2001), topics can be aboutness or frame-setting topics, and the means to express a topic in the grammar can be pinpointed rather precisely in terms of which syntactic and intonational preferences the topic displays, at least in an intonation language. However, according to Féry’s theses, none of these properties are definitional for topic. Rather they express preferences as to how a ‘good’ topic has to be realized (see also Jacobs 2001 for a similar view). (Féry et al. 2007)
comment: "Topic" is a prominent notion in pragmatics, though often with varying definitions. For detailed definitions, compare the sub-classes.

topic comment
type: Class
subclass of: progression
comment: introduced as generalization over TopicComment_RST and ElaborationThemeRheme (from SemDok). These differ in nuclearity.

topic comment RST
type: Class
subclass of: coordination
subclass of: topic comment
comment: A general statement or topic of discussion is introduced, after which a specific remark is made on the statement or topic. This relation is always multinuclear, as both spans are necessary to understand the context. When the spans occur in the reverse order, with the comment preceding the topic, the relation COMMENT-TOPIC is selected. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: topic comment (RST)

progression
type: Class
subclass of: expansion
comment: TopicShift and TopicDrift.
label: topic continuity relation
version info: Introduced as a supercategory for RST-DTB relations topic-shift and topic-drift. Both connect large text spans that were no subject to annotation in PDTB. Note that C-TED introduced EXPANSION.Progression in an extension of the PDTB 3 schema. As progression in Chinese refers to aspects of topic continuity, this concept, formerly a direct subclass of CoherenceRelation, has been reconceptualized as a subclass of Expansion.

topic drift
type: Class
subclass of: progression
comment: introduced as generalization over ElaborationDrift (from SemDok) and TopicDrift_RST

topic drift RST
type: Class
subclass of: topic drift
comment: The relation TOPIC-DRIFT is used to link large textual spans when the topic drifts smoothly from the information presented in the first span to the information presented in the second. The same elements are in focus in both textual units. While this relation may be either mononuclear or multinuclear, it is usually multinuclear. Only select mononuclear if the relative size or importance of one of the spans is less significant than that of the other. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: topic drift (RST)

topic expression
type: Class
subclass of: markable
comment: A topic expression is the expression that denotates the topic referent. (Lambrecht 1994)

topic shift
type: Class
subclass of: progression
comment: introduced in analogy to TopicDrift as a generalization over TopicShift_RST.

topic shift RST
type: Class
subclass of: topic shift
comment: The relation TOPIC-SHIFT is used to link large textual spans when there is a sharp change in focus going from one segment to the other. The same elements are NOT in focus in the two spans. While this relation may be either mononuclear or multinuclear, it is usually multinuclear. Only select mononuclear if the relative size or importance of one of the spans is less significant than that of the other. (Carlson and Marcu 2001)
label: topic shift (RST)

URL
type: Class
subclass of: address
comment: for nerd:URL sub nerd:Product

unconditional
type: Class
subclass of: cause-result
comment: S conceivably could affect the realization of N, N does not depend on S. R recognizes that N does not depend on S. (Mann and Taboada 2010) cf. Wolf et al.'s (2003) "ViolatedExpectation": Infer that normally there is a causal relation between DS0 and DS1 but that causal relation is absent between DS0 and DS1.

university
type: Class
subclass of: educational institution
comment: for nerd:University, originally subclass of Organization

unless RST
type: Class
subclass of: counterfactual
comment: S affects the realization of N; N is realized provided that S is not realized. (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: unless (RST)

attribution type null
type: Class
subclass of: proposition
comment: In the absence of an independent occurrence of attribution on an argument, as for Arg2 of Example (158), a “Null” value for the type on the argument means that it needs to be derived by independent (here, undefined) considerations under the scope of the relation. (158) When Mr. Green won a $240,000 verdict in a land condemnation case against the State in June 1983, he says Judge O’Kicki unexpectedly awarded him an additional $100,000. (0267) Note that unlike the “Inh” value of the source feature, “Null” does not indicate inheritance. In a subordinate clause, for example, while the relation denoted by the subordinating conjunction may be asserted, the clause content itself may be “presupposed”, as seems to be the case in (158). However, we found these differences difficult to determine at times, and consequently leave this undefined in the scheme. (Prasad et al. 2007, for PDTB)
label: unmarked factuality

default polarity
type: Class
subclass of: polarity
comment: "Null" marking in PDTB, i.e. Default (or NonNegated)
label: positive
label: unmarked polarity

unreal condition HDRB
type: Class
subclass of: counterfactual
comment: Oza et al. (2009) suggested to abandon the PDTB distinction between UnrealPastCondition and UnrealPresentCondition.
label: unreal condition (HDRB)
version info: TODO: merge with NegativeCondition

unreal past condition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: unreal condition HDRB
comment: Arg2 describes a situation that did not occur in the past and Arg1 expresses what the consequence would have been if it had. It is inferred from the semantics of this subtype of “Condition” that the situations described in Arg1 and Arg2 did not hold. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: unreal past condition (PDTB)

unreal present condition PDTB
type: Class
subclass of: unreal condition HDRB
comment: Arg2 describes a condition that either does not hold at present. Arg1 describes what would also hold if Arg2 were true. “Unreal present” represents the semantics of conditional relations also known in the lingustic literature as present counterfactuals (Iatridou, 2000). The semantics for “unreal present” is a special case of the semantics for hypothetical. (Prasad et al. 2007)
label: unreal present condition (PDTB)

feedback dependence
type: Class
subclass of: dialog relation
comment: ISO: Asymmetric relation of a feedback act with its scope: Feedback act is a dialogue act with a responsive communicative function; Feedback scope is the dialogue act(s) that the feedback act responds to. Comment: Note that "Dependence" implies an ordering here (in analogy with dependency syntax), however, Bunt and Prasad explicitly argue against such an interpretation in their schema (when comparing it with RST nuclearity). As a less ambigous term, we thus introduce the label "feedback relation". Moreover, as the difference between feedback and response relations *seems* to be that feedback is unsolicited whereas a response is solicited, this dichothomy is used as a naming pattern, here.
label: feedback relation
label: unsolicited response

utterance
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
comment: Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence. (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1409

valley
type: Class
subclass of: geographical feature
comment: for nerd:Valley

vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: introduced as a generalization over various nerd:Products that designate means of transportation

video game
type: Class
subclass of: software
comment: for nerd:VideoGame sub nerd:Product

vocative expression
type: Class
subclass of: discourse entity
comment: An expression referring to a person to which the utterance is addressed, e.g. Old High German "truhtin", "meistar" or "fater". The vocative expression typically occurs outside of the clause and not in an argument position selected by the predicate. (Petrova 2008, see http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl)
version info: http://purl.org/olia/tcodex.owl#VocativeForm

volitional cause RST
type: Class
subclass of: cause RST
comment: R recognizes S as a cause for the volitional action in N (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: volitional cause (RST)

volitional result RST
type: Class
subclass of: result
comment: R recognizes that N could be a cause for the action or situation in S (Mann and Taboada 2010)
label: volitional result (RST)

vulgar register
type: Class
subclass of: RegisterFeature
comment: Register of a term or text type that can be characterized as profane or socially unacceptable. (ISO12620; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998)
version info: http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1998
version info: subClassOf register (dcif:conceptualDomain)

weapon
type: Class
subclass of: manufactured object
comment: for nerd:Weapon

website
type: Class
subclass of: URL
comment: for nerd:Website, sub nerd:Product

whole part
type: Class
subclass of: bridging type
comment: A referent represents a superset, a class, type or environment to which another pre-mentioned referent belongs (Stuttgart Guidelines).

wide focus
type: Class
subclass of: structural focus type
comment: Wide focus and narrow focus represent an often-adopted, coarse-grained subclassification of foci according to their scope. Narrow focus means that one single constituent is in focus, whereas wide focus means that multiple constituents are in focus. (Fiedler & Chiarcos)

digit numeral

letter numeral

radical

roman numeral

script

syllable

abilitative mood

adjectival particle

agentive verb

aspect marking auxiliary

aspirational verb

aversive case

case marker

causal mood

characteristic adjective

close quote

collective pronoun

completive aspect

contrastive emphatic particle

contrastive particle

debitive mood

declarative mood

declarative punctuation

deductive evidentiality

deficient verb

differential pronoun

dubitive mood

elative noun

exclusive

exclusive emphatic particle

existential pronoun

fused preposition pronoun

fused pronoun auxiliary

generalization word

habitual mood

honorific common noun

honorific verb

imperative mood

inchoative aspect

inclusive

inclusive emphatic particle

indefinite cardinal quantifier

indefinite multiplicative quantifier

instrument noun

intensive noun

interrogative cardinal quantifier

interrogative multiplicative quantifier

izafat

jussive mood

locative pronoun

manner noun

masdar

modality marking adverb

multal

multiplicative marker

nominal number

nominal quantifier

non agentive verb

numeral both

objective case

once noun

open quote

other source evidentiality

particle adverb

periodic adjective

place noun

possession marker

possessive relative pronoun

predicative marker

prepositional adverb

presentative pronoun

qualitative verb

question word

quotative mood

reflexive possessive determiner

relative adjective

relative mood

status constructus

tense marking auxiliary

time noun

title noun

unit noun

vegetable gender

visual evidentiality

augmentative

composition

echo word

focus marker

actional modality

commissive modality

debitive modality

epistemic necessity modality

epistemic possibility modality

evaluative modality

expansion variation

frame

homograph

homonym

homophone

hortative modality

ideophone

mental abilitive modality

obligative modality

pejorative evaluative

permissive modality

physical abilitive modality

preferred evaluative

relative modality

volitive modality

weak obligative modality

adjutative voice

anti causative voice

applicative voice

causative voice

circumstantial voice

mediopassive voice

pseudopassive voice